General elections were held in Costa Rica in 1889.[1] Electors for the electoral college were elected on 7 October 1889, who in turn elected the president on 1 December 1889. It was particularly notorious for been the first time in Costa Rica's history that political parties took part in an election.[2] The date of November 7 is still commemorated in Costa Rica as "Democracy's Day" due to the outcome of the liberal government accepting the results of the conservative opposition, as to that point, authoritarian governments were the norm.[3]
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Liberals were by far the hegemonic faction in Costa Rica's politics since independence. Unlike other Latin American countries were conflicts and alternation between liberals and conservatives was common, all Costa Rican presidents since the first, Juan Mora Fernández, were liberals with only one exception; Vicente Herrera Zeledón who, despite been conservative, was still a puppet of liberal dictator Tomás Guardia.[2] A series of alliances between the liberal intellectual elite, the coffee-grower bourgeoisie and the army kept the status quo into what was known as Costa Rica's Liberal State.
However, relationships with the Catholic Church were normally cordial. It wasn't until the presidency of freemason and staunch liberal Bernardo Soto Alfaro that the most secularizing and anti-Catholic policies were taken, that the relationships between the two stained.[2]
The Church responded by endorsing its own candidate; lawyer José Joaquín Rodríguez Zeledón of the Democratic Constitutional Party. The liberals, including Soto's government, endorsed Ascensión Esquivel Ibarra from the "Olympus" group, a group of intellectual aristocrats nicknamed as such because of their elitism. Soto went even as far as to allow Esquivel to run the presidency for a while. The Constitutional Party identify itself by using the National pavilion, whilst the Liberal Progressive Party used a red flag, the traditional color of the liberals in Latin America.[4] During the campaign Rodríguez was accused of trying to impose a religious government (despite the fact that he publicly endorsed the need for church-state separation)[5] whilst Esquivel was signaled for Freemason, liberal and Nicaraguan.[5]
The election at the time was held in two levels; first all the male citizens allowed to voted the second-degree electors, then the electors selected the President from among the candidates.[4] The first round of vote was public, the second was secret. The requirements to be an Elector generally included having properties and knowing how to read, which meant that most of them belonged to the rich families or the middle class.[4] Rodríguez won the popular vote but Soto proclaimed Esquivel the winner and a military parade in support of Esquivel was held on November 7.[5] The Church made a call to defend the results on the streets on November 7 and Soto, fearful of a civil war, resigned and his successor Carlos Durán Cartín handles the power to Rodríguez.[2] [4]
Results
edit| Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| José Joaquín Rodríguez Zeledón | Constitutional Party | 377 | 80.73 | |
| Ascensión Esquivel Ibarra | Liberal Progressive Party | 86 | 18.42 | |
| Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno | 3 | 0.64 | ||
| Carlos Durán Cartín | 1 | 0.21 | ||
| Total | 467 | 100.00 | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 591 | – | ||
| Source: TSE | ||||
By province
edit| Province | Rodríguez | Esquivel | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 San José Province
|
112 | 2 | ||||||||
 Alajuela
|
94 | 36 | ||||||||
 Cartago Province
|
81 | 0 | ||||||||
 Heredia
|
75 | 0 | ||||||||
 Guanacaste
|
0 | 48 | ||||||||
 Puntarenas
|
15 | 0 | ||||||||
 Limón
|
0 | 0 | ||||||||
| Total | 377 | 86 | ||||||||
| Source: TSE | ||||||||||
References
edit- ^ "Historia de las elecciones presidenciales 1824–2014" (PDF). Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones de Costa Rica. 2017.
- ^ a b c d González, Daniel (2014). "Los partidos políticos en Costa Rica: un acercamiento histórico". Boletín de la Asociación para el Fomento de los Estudios Históricos en Centroamérica. 60. Archived from the original on 2018-12-20. Retrieved 2018-12-20.
- ^ Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones. "Celebración del 7 de noviembre: Día de la Democracia Costarricense". Retrieved 20 December 2018.
- ^ a b c d Molina, Iván (2001). "Elecciones y democracia en Costa Rica, 1885-1913" (PDF). European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies. 70: 41-57. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-05-02. Retrieved 2018-12-20.
- ^ a b c De la Cruz de Lemos, Vladimir (2012). "El largo camino hacia las libertades electorales. 7 de noviembre, Día de la Democracia Costarricense". Derecho Electoral. 12.