On 16 July 1938, more than 1500 place names in East Prussia were changed, following a decree issued by Gauleiter and Oberpräsident Erich Koch and initiated by Adolf Hitler.[1] Most of the names affected were of Old Prussian, Lithuanian and Polish origin; they were either eliminated, Germanized, or simplified. Similar geographical renaming also took place in other parts of Nazi Germany.
 A map of East Prussia in 1890 with many of the original place names | |
| Native name | Umbenennung von Orten in Ostpreußen im Jahr 1938 |
|---|---|
| Date | July 16, 1938 |
| Location | East Prussia |
| Type | Geographical renaming |
| Cause | Germanisation |
| Organised by | Prussian Ministry of Science, Education and People's Education (Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung) |
History
editPlace names in Masuria were occasionally changed prior to 1938, and even before the Nazi era.[2] In the district of Lötzen 47 percent of all villages had already been renamed in the Weimar Republic and another 36 percent after 1933.[3] A systematic renaming campaign was prepared after Koch issued the corresponding order on 25 August 1937.[4][nb 1] Following this order, the Prussian Ministry of Science, Education and People's Education (Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung) set up an expert commission led by the ministerial adviser (Ministerialrat) Heinrich Harmjanz.[4] Other members of the commission included Slavicist Karl Heinrich Meyer, Germanist Walther Ziesemer, Lithuanian and Old Prussian place name specialist Viktor Falkenhahn and the director of the Prussian State Archive Königsberg and Teutonic Order state place name specialist Max Hein.[4] Affected were names of villages, water bodies, forests and cadastral districts.[4] In some counties up to 70% of the place names had been changed by 16 July 1938.[4]
After World War II the local German populace fled or was expelled. In the part of East Prussia that was given to Poland and became the Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship the modern Polish place names were determined by the Commission for the Determination of Place Names, which generally restored the pre-1938 place names, in the case of German-origin place names without a Polish alternative simply translating them from German into Polish. In the northern part of East Prussia that was given to the Soviet Union and became Kaliningrad Oblast, no historical Russian place names could be found and the Soviet government was unwilling to restore the old Lithuanian or old Polish place names, therefore entirely new names were invented. In the case of major oblast towns, half of them were named after Russian and Soviet military leaders.[5] The place names invented in 1938 by the government of Nazi Germany still remain in official use in Germany.[3]
Examples of changed place names
edit| Pre-1938 place name | New place name | Polish spelling | Lithuanian spelling | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abscherningken | Ebershagen | - | Opšrininkai | |
| Aschlauken | Kalkhöfen | - | - | |
| Babken | Lagenquell | Babki Oleckie | - | Modern-day Babki Oleckie, Poland. |
| Bittkowen | Bittkau | Bitkowo | - | Modern-day Bitkowo, Gołdap County, Poland. |
| Budweitschen | Altenwacht | - | Budvaičiai | |
| Darkehmen | Angerapp | Darkiejmy | Darkiemis | Modern-day Ozyorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia. |
| Dombrowsken | Königsruh | Dąbrowskie | Dombrovskė | Modern-day Dąbrowskie, Olecko County, Poland. |
| Dobawen | Dobauen | - | - | |
| Dubeninken | Dubeningen | Dubeninki | Dubeninkai | Modern-day Dubeninki, Poland. |
| Drosdowen | Drosten | Drozdowo | - | |
| Duttken | Sargensee | Dudki | - | |
| Elluschönen | Ellern | - | Eliušėnai | Modern-day Sadovoye, Chistye Prudy rural settlement, Russia. |
| Germingkehmen | Germingen | - | Germinkiemis | |
| Gertschen | Gertenau | - | Gerčiai | Modern-day Yarovoye, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia. |
| Gollubien | Unterfelde | Golubie | - | Modern-day Golubie, Gołdap County, Poland. |
| Grabowen | Arnswald | Grabowo | Grabava | Modern-day Grabowo, Gołdap County, Poland. |
| Gr. Grigalischken | Ellerbach | - | Grigališkiai | |
| Gr. Rominten | Hardteck | Rominty Wielkie | Rominta | Modern-day Krasnolesye, Russia. |
| Gr. Schwentischken | Schanzenort | - | Šventiškiai | Modern-day Pugachevo, Nesterovsky District, Russia. |
| Gr. Schakummen | Eichkamp | - | - | |
| Kl. Grigalischken | Kleinkalkhöfen | - | - | |
| Kl. Lassek | Liebchensruh | Lasek Mały | - | |
| Kl. Schwentischken | Kleinschanzenort | - | - | |
| Kowahlen | Reimannswalde | Kowale Oleckie | - | |
| Krajutkehmen | Dürrfelde | - | Krajutkiemis | |
| Kuiken | Albrechtsrode | Kwik | Kuikiai | |
| Kukowen | Reinkental | Kukowo | - | |
| Kulligkehmen | Ohldorf | - | Kulikiemis | |
| Makunischken | Hohenwaldeck | Makuniszki | Makūniškiai | Modern-day Tokarevka, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia. |
| Mehlkehmen | Birkenmühle | - | Mielkiemis | Modern-day Kalinino, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia. |
| Meldienen | Gnadenheim | - | Meldynai | |
| Mierunsken | Merunen | Mieruniszki | - | |
| Naujeningken | Neuhufen | - | Naujininkai | Modern-day Khutorskoye, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia. |
| Neuteich | Damerau | - | Naičiai | |
| Oszeningken | Pfalzrode | - | Ožininkai | Modern-day Karpinskoye, Russia. |
| Pablindszen | Zollteich | Pobłędzie | Pablindžiai | Modern-day Pobłędzie, Poland. |
| Perkallen | Husarenberg | - | Perkaliai | |
| Plautzkehmen | Engern | Pluszkiejmi | Pliuškiemis | Modern-day Pluszkiejmy, Poland. |
| Pöwgallen | Pöwen | - | Pievgaliai | |
| Pillupönen | Schloßbach | - | Pilupėnai | |
| Ribbenischken | Ribbenau | - | Ribiniškiai | Modern-day Uvarovo, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia. |
| Samelucken | Sameln, Brückental | - | - | |
| Samonienen | Gut Reiterhof | - | Samanynai | Modern-day Dokuchaevo, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia. |
| Sayden | Saiden | Zajdy | - | Modern-day Zajdy, Poland. |
| Schmulken | Birkenhöhe | - | - | |
| Schönbruch | Damerau | - | - | |
| Stallupönen | Ebenrode | - | Stalupėnai | Modern-day Nesterov, Russia. |
| Stooßnen | Stosnau | Stożne | - | |
| Suleyken | Suleiken | Sulejki | - | Modern-day Sulejki, Poland. |
| Szittkehmen | Judendorf | Żytkiejmy | Žydkiemis | Modern-day Żytkiejmy, Poland. The name literally means "Jewish village". |
| Szurgupchen | Sprindort | - | Žirgučiai | |
| Tellitzkehmen | Tellrode | - | Telyčkiemis | |
| Tollmingkehmen | Tollmingen | Tolmingiany | Tolminkiemis | Modern-day Chistye Prudy, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia. |
| Walterkehmen | Großwaltersdorf | - | Valtarkiemis | Modern-day Olchovatka, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia. |
| Wilkoschen | Wolfseck | - | Vilkošiai |
In other regions
edit
A similar replacement of place names was carried out in other regions of Nazi Germany, especially in Silesia. There, 1088 place names in the Oppeln region were changed in 1936, also 359 in the Breslau (Wroclaw) area and 178 in the Liegnitz (Legnica) area between 1937 and 1938.[6] In the portion of Upper Silesia which after World War I had become part of the Second Polish Republic, most places had two locally used names, a German one and a Polish one, and after 1922, Polish authorities made the Polish variants the official names.[6]
During World War II, renaming occurred primarily in occupied/annexed territories, because the Nazi government felt that "foreign language names for places constitute a national threat and may lead to mistaken world opinion in regard to their nationality". Areas affected included Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany, e.g. Upper Silesia and the area near Poznań.[6] and Alsace, as well as Czechoslovakia.
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ The order was republished by the Publikationsstelle Berlin-Dahlem (PuSte) and is now in the Federal German Archives (Bundesarchiv Berlin), R 153/390 Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine: "Erfassung slawischer Ortsnamen im deutschen Reichsgebiet und Pläne zur Umbenennung dieser Orte in deutsche Namen", includes: Oberpräsident Ostpreußen, Königsberg, 25. 8. 1937, betr.: Verdeutschung fremdsprachiger Namen in Ostpreußen, Bezug: Erlaß des Reichs- und Preußischen Minister des Innern vom 6. 7. 1937; cf. Kossert (2003), p. 138.
References
edit- ^ Neumärker, Uwe; et al. (2007). "Wolfsschanze": Hitlers Machtzentrale im Zweiten Weltkrieg (in German) (3 ed.). Ch. Links Verlag. p. 202. ISBN 978-3-86153-433-4.
- ^ Kossert, Andreas (2003). "'Grenzlandpolitik' und Ostforschung an der Peripherie des Reiches. Das ostpreußische Masuren 1919-1945". Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte (in German). 51 (2): 117–146, here p. 137.
- ^ a b Kossert, Andreas [in German] (2007). Masuren – Ostpreussens vergessener Süden (in German). RM-Buch-und-Medien-Vertrieb. p. 323. ISBN 978-3-570-55006-9.
Diese Regelung übernahm dann die 1949 gegründete Bundesrepublik Deutschland, deren Lastenausgleichsämter, Aussiedler- und Flüchtlingslager, Rentenbehörden und Meldeämter weiterhin die germanisierten NS-Formen gebrauchten.
- ^ a b c d e Kossert, Andreas (2003). "'Grenzlandpolitik' und Ostforschung an der Peripherie des Reiches. Das ostpreußische Masuren 1919-1945". Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte (in German). 51 (2): 117–146, here p. 138.
- ^ Wylegała, Anna; Łukianow, Małgorzata; Rutar, Sabine (12 March 2023). "The Prussian Spirit of the Land". No Neighbors' Lands in Postwar Europe: Vanishing Others. Springer International Publishing. pp. 45–46. ISBN 978-3-031-10857-0.
- ^ a b c Monika Choros, Lucja Jarczak, "Relacje polsko niemieckie w nazwach miejscowych" (Polish-German relations in local placenames), [www.instytutslaski.com/www/pliki/relacje.ppt Instytut Slaski]