The Aden riots of December 2–4, 1947 targeted the Jewish community in the British Colony of Aden. The riots broke out from a planned three-day Arab general strike in protest of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181 (II), which created a partition plan for Palestine.[1] The riots resulted in the deaths of 82 Jews,[1][2] 33 Arabs, 4 Muslim Indians, and one Somali,[1] as well as wide-scale devastation of the local Jewish community of Aden.[2][3] The Aden Protectorate Levies, a military force of local Arab-Muslim recruits dispatched by the British governor Reginald Champion to quell the riots, were responsible for much of the killing.[1][4]
| 1947 Aden riots | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Spillover of the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine | ||||
 Aden from the Port of Aden, 1949 | ||||
| Date | 2–4 December 1947 | |||
| Location | 12°48′N 45°02′E / 12.800°N 45.033°E | |||
| Caused by | Disputes over United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine | |||
| Methods | Rioting, melee attacks | |||
| Parties | ||||
| Casualties and losses | ||||
| ||||
Background
editAden, under British rule since 1839, had a sizable Jewish community—about 8,550[5] at the time of the riots—living alongside its Muslim population.[6][2] Jews and Muslims coexisted relatively congenially, and instances of violence against Jews were highly irregular.[1]
In the 1940s, however, radical anti-British and anti-Zionist sentiment increased, fomented by the sectarian conflict in Palestine and supported by the proliferation of radios which could catch Voice of the Arabs broadcast from Cairo and of Egyptian print media, particularly among the learned.[1][6] Visits of Palestinian Arabs to Aden and expressions of anti-Jewish sentiments became common.[6] Additionally, tens of thousands of Arab tribesmen migrated to Aden from North Yemen and the Protectorates during World War II in search of work as manual laborers.[1] These conditions contributed to the deterioration of relations between Muslims and Jews and to increased hostility of Muslims toward the Jews in Aden.[1]
United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
editOn 29 November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly adopted Resolution 181(II), titled: "Recommendation to the United Kingdom, as the mandatory Power for Palestine, and to all other Members of the United Nations the adoption and implementation, with regard to the future government of Palestine, of the Plan of Partition with Economic Union".[7]
This was an attempt to resolve the Arab-Jewish conflict by partitioning Mandatory Palestine into "Independent Arab and Jewish States and the Special International Regime for the City of Jerusalem". Following the vote by the UN on partition of Mandatory Palestine, wide scale protests took place across the Arab countries and communities, with Aden being no exception.[8]
Riots
editThe riots occurred in December 1947, several days after the United Nations' approval of the partition plan.
On 2 December, a three-day strike was called to protest the decision.[9] Demonstrations in the Jewish quarter of Aden led to stone and bottle throwing between Jews and Muslims.[10] Jewish houses and shops were looted, and military control was declared when the crisis exceeded the capacity of the small police force.[10] The main military force available was the 1,800-strong Aden Protectorate Levies who were locally recruited soldiers with British and Arab officers.[10] Assistance was also received from several British warships, which sent landing parties, and the equivalent of two companies of British infantry flown in from the Canal Zone.[9] Order was not restored until 6 December.[10] The British government was severely embarrassed by the riots, noting privately that they were urging the Arab states to protect their Jews when they themselves were unable to.[9]
On the second day, rifle fire began.[10] The Levies proved unreliable and worse; some fired indiscriminately and probably contributed to the casualties.[10]
The main violence of the riots occurred in three locations. In Aden town (also called Crater), an attempt to impose a curfew was largely unsuccessful.[10] Jewish schools and houses were looted and set alight.[10] In the port towns of Steamer Point and Tawahi, most of the Jews were evacuated but some whose presence was not known to the police were killed.[10] Several Arabs who were apparently innocent were shot accidentally.[10] In the Arab town of Sheikh Othman, which had a large Jewish compound, a military contingent arrived to evacuate the 750 Jews to safety. However, several declined to leave and were later found dead.[10]
Casualties
editThe official casualty count was 76–82 Jews (6 persons were unidentified) and 38 Arabs killed, and 76 Jews wounded.[10] At least 87 Arabs were known to have been wounded but many others failed to report their condition.[10] The dead included one Indian Medical Officer and one Levy.[10]
More than 100 Jewish shops were looted and 30 houses burned.[10] An official enquiry conducted by Sir Harry Trusted determined that many individual Levies were sympathetic to the rioters and did not act to control them.[10] Nine Levies were imprisoned for looting.[10] Trusted put most of the blame on Yemeni "coolies," workers temporarily in the country who "have a low standard of life, are illiterate, fanatical and, when excited, may be savage."[10] He did not find claims of Jewish sniping to be convincing, though the Governor Sir Reginald Champion secretly reported to the British government that the two military fatalities were killed "almost certainly by Jewish sniper."[9] Jewish leaders acknowledged "many instances of Arabs and Indians sheltering and otherwise befriending their Jewish neighbours."[10]
Aftermath
editAt least 448 Arabs were arrested for their involvement in the pogroms. By 31 December 1947, 226 had stood trial. Twelve of them received 2-year sentences, 34 received 18-month sentences, and 128 of them received one year in prison or less. Some offenders were also fined or caned.[11]
The Aden government established a second enquiry, under magistrate K. Bochgaard, to consider claims for compensation.[12] Claims totalling more than one million pounds were submitted, exceeding the total annual income of the colony.[12] On the grounds that most of the damage was inflicted by non-residents of Aden, Bochgaard awarded £240,000 with a maximum of £7,500 per claim.[12] The Aden government then further reduced the maximum per claim to £300 with some options for interest-free loans, much to the anger of the Aden Jewish community.[12]
Shortly after the riots, Aden's Jewish community almost entirely left, together with most of the Yemeni Jewish community.[citation needed]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h Ahroni, Reuben (1 October 2010), "Aden Riots (1947)", Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World, Brill, doi:10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_com_0000750, retrieved 30 March 2023
- ^ a b c Aderet, Ofer (30 November 2016). "Jews of Aden recall the pogrom sparked by UN vote on Palestine partition plan". Haaretz. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
- ^ Goldsmith, Dani (6 December 2017). "Murder, looting, burning: Remembering the Aden riots of 1947". Times of Israel. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ Parfitt 1996.
- ^ Parfitt, Tudor (1 January 1996). The Road to Redemption: The Jews of the Yemen, 1900-1950. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-10544-7.
- ^ a b c Ahroni, R. 1994. The Jews of the British Crown Colony of Aden: History, Culture, and Ethnic Relations. Brill. pp. 210-11.
- ^ "A/RES/181(II) of 29 November 1947". domino.un.org. 1947. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
- ^ Parfitt 1996, p. 167.
- ^ a b c d Tudor Parfitt (1996). The Road to Redemption—The Jews of the Yemen 1900-1950. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 165–168.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Harry Trusted (1948). Report of the Commission of Enquiry into Disturbances in Aden, December 1947. Colonial No. 233. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office.
- ^ Schechtman, Joseph B. (1951). "The Jews of Aden". Jewish Social Studies. 13 (2): 133–148. ISSN 0021-6704. JSTOR 4464965.
- ^ a b c d Reuben Ahroni (1994). The Jews of the British Crown Colony of Aden. E.J. Brill. pp. 224–226.