The Soviet Union's 1972 nuclear test series[1] was a group of 24 nuclear tests conducted in 1972. These tests [note 1] followed the 1971 Soviet nuclear tests series and preceded the 1973 Soviet nuclear tests series.
| 1972 | |
|---|---|
 Nuclear blast animation | |
| Information | |
| Country | Soviet Union |
| Test site | Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan; Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan; Kharkiv, Ukraine; Kostanay, Kazakhstan; Murmansk, Russia; NZ Area A, Chyornaya Guba, Novaya Zemlya, Russia; NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia; Orenburg, Russia; Sary-Uzen/Murzhik, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan |
| Period | 1972 |
| Number of tests | 23 |
| Test type | underground shaft, tunnel |
| Max. yield | 1.1 megatonnes of TNT (4.6 PJ) |
| Test series chronology | |
| Name [note 2] | Date time (UT) | Local time zone[note 3][2] | Location[note 4] | Elevation + height [note 5] | Delivery, [note 6] Purpose [note 7] |
Device[note 8] | Yield[note 9] | Fallout[note 10] | References | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 355 | 10 February 1972 05:03:00.0 | ALMT (6 hrs) |
Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1007 50°01′30″N 78°52′38″E / 50.02495°N 78.87728°E | 330 m (1,080 ft) + | underground shaft, weapons development |
16 kt | Venting detected | [1][3][4][5][6] | ||
| 356 - 1 | 10 March 1972 04:56:59.8 | ALMT (6 hrs) |
Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 201 49°44′43″N 78°07′11″E / 49.7453°N 78.1197°E | 672 m (2,205 ft) + | tunnel, weapons development |
28 kt | [1][3][4][5][6] | |||
| 356 - 2 | 10 March 1972 04:56:59.8 | ALMT (6 hrs) |
Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 201 49°44′43″N 78°07′11″E / 49.7453°N 78.1197°E | 672 m (2,205 ft) + | tunnel, weapons development |
unknown yield | [1][3][5][6][7] | |||
| 357 - 1 | 28 March 1972 04:22:00.1 | ALMT (6 hrs) |
Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 191 49°43′59″N 78°04′33″E / 49.7331°N 78.0757°E | 655 m (2,149 ft) + | tunnel, weapons development |
6 kt | [1][3][4][5][6] | |||
| 357 - 2 | 28 March 1972 04:22:00.1 | ALMT (6 hrs) |
Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 191 49°43′59″N 78°04′33″E / 49.7331°N 78.0757°E | 655 m (2,149 ft) + | tunnel, peaceful research |
unknown yield | [1][3][5][6][7] | |||
| 357 - 3 | 28 March 1972 04:22:00.1 | ALMT (6 hrs) |
Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 191 49°43′59″N 78°04′33″E / 49.7331°N 78.0757°E | 655 m (2,149 ft) + | tunnel, safety experiment |
1000 kg | [1][3][5][6][7] | |||
| 358 Krator (Crater) | 11 April 1972 06:00:01.9 | ASHT (5 hrs) |
Turkmenistan: ? 36°33′42″N 62°48′49″E / 36.56173°N 62.81352°E | – 1,720 m (5,640 ft) | underground shaft, extinguishing oil/gas fires |
15 kt | [1][4][5][6][7] | Gas fire shaft closure. | ||
| 359 | 20 April 1972 | ALMT (6 hrs) |
Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 505p 49°50′37″N 78°06′18″E / 49.84352°N 78.10513°E | 587 m (1,926 ft) + | tunnel, safety experiment |
1000 kg | [1][3][5][6][7] | |||
| 360 | 7 June 1972 01:28:?? | ALMT (6 hrs) |
Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 110 49°49′36″N 78°06′56″E / 49.8267°N 78.1155°E | 618 m (2,028 ft) + | tunnel, weapons development |
unknown yield | [1][3][5][6][7] | |||
| 361 | 7 June 1972 01:28:00.0 | ALMT (6 hrs) |
Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 601 49°46′15″N 77°59′29″E / 49.77091°N 77.9914°E | 620 m (2,030 ft) + | tunnel, weapon effect |
25 kt | [1][3][4][5][6] | |||
| 362 | 6 July 1972 01:03:00.0 | ALMT (6 hrs) |
Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 157-M 49°44′15″N 78°06′36″E / 49.7375°N 78.1101°E | 650 m (2,130 ft) + | tunnel, weapon effect |
1.5 kt | [1][3][4][5][6] | |||
| 363 Fakel (Torch) | 9 July 1972 07:00:01.3 | MSK (3 hrs) |
Kharkiv, Ukraine: ? 49°28′47″N 35°29′41″E / 49.47973°N 35.49465°E | – 2,483 m (8,146 ft) | underground shaft, extinguishing oil/gas fires |
3.8 kt | [1][4][5][6][7] | Gas fire shaft closure. 15 km N Krasnodar, Ukraine. | ||
| 364 | 27 July 1972 10:00:?? | MSK (3 hrs) |
NZ Area A, Chyornaya Guba, Novaya Zemlya, Russia: Yu-3 70°50′N 54°09′E / 70.83°N 54.15°E | 30 m (98 ft) + | underground shaft, fundamental science |
10 kt | [1][5][6][7][8][9] | Did not register seismically; may have been a fizzle. | ||
| 365 | 16 August 1972 03:16:59.8 | ALMT (6 hrs) |
Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 708 49°45′56″N 78°03′32″E / 49.7655°N 78.0588°E | 555 m (1,821 ft) + | tunnel, weapon effect |
8 kt | [1][3][4][5][6] | |||
| 367 | 26 August 1972 03:46:59.7 | ALMT (6 hrs) |
Sary-Uzen/Murzhik, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 132 49°58′56″N 77°42′58″E / 49.98233°N 77.71601°E | 460 m (1,510 ft) + | underground shaft, weapons development |
21 kt | [1][3][4][5][6] | |||
| 368 - 1 | 28 August 1972 05:59:56.87 | MSK (3 hrs) |
NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia: A-16 73°23′17″N 54°50′49″E / 73.388°N 54.847°E | 100 m (330 ft) – 900 m (3,000 ft) | tunnel, weapons development |
1.1 Mt | Venting detected off site, 1 MCi (37 PBq) | [1][4][5][6][10] | ||
| 368 - 2 | 28 August 1972 05:59:56.9 | MSK (3 hrs) |
NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia: A-16 73°23′17″N 54°50′49″E / 73.388°N 54.847°E | 100 m (330 ft) + | tunnel, weapons development |
unknown yield | [1][5][6][7][9] | |||
| 368 - 3 | 28 August 1972 05:59:56.9 | MSK (3 hrs) |
NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia: A-16 73°23′17″N 54°50′49″E / 73.388°N 54.847°E | 100 m (330 ft) + | tunnel, weapons development |
unknown yield | [1][5][6][7][9] | |||
| 368 - 4 | 28 August 1972 05:59:56.9 | MSK (3 hrs) |
NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia: A-16 73°23′17″N 54°50′49″E / 73.388°N 54.847°E | 100 m (330 ft) + | tunnel, weapons development |
unknown yield | [1][5][6][7][9] | |||
| 369 | 2 September 1972 08:56:59.9 | ALMT (6 hrs) |
Sary-Uzen/Murzhik, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 128 49°57′36″N 77°38′29″E / 49.96002°N 77.64146°E | 460 m (1,510 ft) + | underground shaft, weapons development |
2 kt | [1][3][4][5][6] | |||
| 370 Dnepr 1 | 4 September 1972 07:00:00.0 | MSK (3 hrs) |
Murmansk, Russia: Dnepr-1 67°47′28″N 33°36′30″E / 67.79105°N 33.60823°E | – 130 m (430 ft) | tunnel, industrial |
2.1 kt | [1][4][5][6][7] | Ore crushing technology. Used methods developed in shots 366 and 415 to keep radioactivity out of broken ore body. | ||
| 371 Region 1 | 21 September 1972 09:00:00.3 | SVET (5 hrs) |
Orenburg, Russia: R-1 52°07′05″N 52°04′05″E / 52.118°N 52.068°E | – 490 m (1,610 ft) | underground shaft, seismic sounding |
2.3 kt | [1][4][5][6][7] | Seismic probing program. 21 km SSW Buzuluk. | ||
| 373 | 2 November 1972 01:27:00.2 | ALMT (6 hrs) |
Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1061 49°55′37″N 78°49′02″E / 49.92697°N 78.81725°E | 330 m (1,080 ft) + | underground shaft, weapons development |
165 kt | [1][3][4][5][6] | |||
| 374 Region 2 | 24 November 1972 09:00:00.0 | SVET (5 hrs) |
Orenburg, Russia: R-2 51°59′24″N 51°52′01″E / 51.99°N 51.867°E | – 680 m (2,230 ft) | underground shaft, seismic sounding |
2.3 kt | [1][4][5][6][7] | Seismic probing program. 90 km SSW Buzuluk. | ||
| 375 Region 5 | 24 November 1972 10:00:00.2 | ALMT (6 hrs) |
Kostanay, Kazakhstan: R-5 51°50′29″N 64°12′48″E / 51.84143°N 64.21328°E | – 425 m (1,394 ft) | underground shaft, seismic sounding |
6.6 kt | [1][4][5][6][7] | Seismic probing program. 170 km SSE Kustonay. | ||
| 376 - 1 | 10 December 1972 04:27:00.0 | ALMT (6 hrs) |
Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: Z-2 49°49′25″N 78°04′43″E / 49.82353°N 78.07857°E | 660 m (2,170 ft) + | tunnel, weapons development |
58 kt | [1][3][4][5][6] | |||
| 376 - 2 | 10 December 1972 04:27:00 | ALMT (6 hrs) |
Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 140 49°49′10″N 78°03′30″E / 49.8194°N 78.0582°E | 646 m (2,119 ft) + | tunnel, weapons development |
unknown yield | [1][3][5][6][7] | |||
| 377 | 10 December 1972 04:27:10.0 | ALMT (6 hrs) |
Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1204 50°01′40″N 78°59′44″E / 50.02772°N 78.99545°E | 330 m (1,080 ft) – 378 m (1,240 ft) | underground shaft, peaceful research |
140 kt | Venting detected | [1][3][4][5][6] | ||
| 378 | 28 December 1972 04:27:00.0 | ALMT (6 hrs) |
Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 25pp 49°44′32″N 78°06′07″E / 49.74209°N 78.10206°E | 739 m (2,425 ft) + | tunnel, weapons development |
unknown yield | [1][3][4][5][6] |
- ^ A bomb test may be a salvo test, defined as two or more explosions "where a period of time between successive individual explosions does not exceed 5 seconds and where the burial points of all explosive devices can be connected by segments of straight lines, each of them connecting two burial points and does not exceed 40 kilometers in length". Mikhailov, V. N. "Catalog of World Wide Nuclear Testing". Begell-Atom, LLC. Archived from the original on 2014-04-26. Retrieved 2013-12-17.
- ^ The US, France and Great Britain have code-named their test events, while the USSR and China did not, and therefore have only test numbers (with some exceptions – Soviet peaceful explosions were named). Word translations into English in parentheses unless the name is a proper noun. A dash followed by a number indicates a member of a salvo event. The US also sometimes named the individual explosions in such a salvo test, which results in "name1 – 1(with name2)". If test is canceled or aborted, then the row data like date and location discloses the intended plans, where known.
- ^ To convert the UT time into standard local, add the number of hours in parentheses to the UT time; for local daylight saving time, add one additional hour. If the result is earlier than 00:00, add 24 hours and subtract 1 from the day; if it is 24:00 or later, subtract 24 hours and add 1 to the day. v
- ^ Rough place name and a latitude/longitude reference; for rocket-carried tests, the launch location is specified before the detonation location, if known. Some locations are extremely accurate; others (like airdrops and space blasts) may be quite inaccurate. "~" indicates a likely pro-forma rough location, shared with other tests in that same area.
- ^ Elevation is the ground level at the point directly below the explosion relative to sea level; height is the additional distance added or subtracted by tower, balloon, shaft, tunnel, air drop or other contrivance. For rocket bursts the ground level is "N/A". In some cases it is not clear if the height is absolute or relative to ground, for example, Plumbbob/John. No number or units indicates the value is unknown, while "0" means zero. Sorting on this column is by elevation and height added together.
- ^ Atmospheric, airdrop, balloon, gun, cruise missile, rocket, surface, tower, and barge are all disallowed by the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Sealed shaft and tunnel are underground, and remained useful under the PTBT. Intentional cratering tests are borderline; they occurred under the treaty, were sometimes protested, and generally overlooked if the test was declared to be a peaceful use.
- ^ Include weapons development, weapon effects, safety test, transport safety test, war, science, joint verification and industrial/peaceful, which may be further broken down.
- ^ Designations for test items where known, "?" indicates some uncertainty about the preceding value, nicknames for particular devices in quotes. This category of information is often not officially disclosed.
- ^ Estimated energy yield in tons, kilotons, and megatons. A ton of TNT equivalent is defined as 4.184 gigajoules (1 gigacalorie).
- ^ Radioactive emission to the atmosphere aside from prompt neutrons, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably none if underground and "all" if not; otherwise notation for whether measured on the site only or off the site, where known, and the measured amount of radioactivity released.
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Yang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl (August 2000). CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3) (Technical report). SMDC Monitoring Research.
- ^ "Time Zone Historical Database". iana.com. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Khalturin, Vitaly I.; Rautian, Tatyana G.; Richards, Paul G. (2000). "Chemical explosions during 1961-1989 on the Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakhstan" (PDF). Pure and Applied Geophysics. 158: 143–171. doi:10.1007/pl00001153. S2CID 128953780. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Cochran, Thomas B.; Arkin, William M.; Norris, Robert S.; Sands, Jeffrey I. Nuclear Weapons Databook Vol. IV: Soviet Nuclear Weapons. New York, NY: Harper and Row.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Podvig, Pavel, ed. (2001). Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262661812. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac USSR Nuclear Weapons Tests and Peaceful Nuclear Explosions 1949 through 1990. Sarov, Russia: RFNC-VNIIEF. 1996. The official Russian list of Soviet tests.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Nuclear explosions in the USSR: The North Test Site reference material, version 4 (PDF) (Technical report). IAEA Dept. of Nuclear Safety and Security. December 1, 2004. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
- ^ Khalturin, Vitaly I.; Rautian, Tatyana G.; Richards, Paul G.; Leith, William S. (10 April 2004). "A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya Zemlya, 1955--1990" (PDF). Science and Global Security. 13 (1): 1–42. Bibcode:2005S&GS...13....1K. doi:10.1080/08929880590961862. S2CID 122069080. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
- ^ a b c d Andrushkin, Vitaly V.; Leith, William (September 1, 2001). The containment of Soviet underground nuclear explosions (PDF) (Open File Report 01-312). USGS. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 9, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
- ^ Kim, Won-Young; Richards, Paul G.; Andrushkin, Vitaly; Ovtchinnikov, Vladimir (April 1, 2001). Borovoye digital seismogram archive for underground nuclear tests during 1966-1996 (PDF) (Technical report). LDEO. Retrieved December 13, 2013.