The 1973 Hellinikon International Airport attack was an attack at the Hellinikon International Airport at Athens, Greece. The two attackers were members of the Palestinian militant organization Black September. The militants used sub-machine guns and grenades against the passengers waiting in the passenger lounge. The attackers took hostages before they finally surrendered to the Greek police. It is believed that the gunmen wanted to hijack a plane, but they decided to attack when they were about to be searched by a Greek security inspector before boarding.[1]
| Attack on the Hellinikon International Airport in Athens | |
|---|---|
| Location | Athens, Greece |
| Coordinates | 37°53′56″N 23°43′37″E / 37.899°N 23.727°E |
| Date | August 5, 1973 |
| Target | passengers at the Hellinikon International Airport |
Attack type | guns and grenades attack, hostage-taking |
| Deaths | 3[1] or 5[2][3] |
| Injured | 55 |
| Perpetrators | Two Arab militants, members of the Black September |
Background
editIn December 1968, two Arabs made the El Al Flight 253 attack. The attackers had been arrested by the Greek authorities[4] and said that their mission was to destroy an El Al's Boeing 707 plane and kill all the passengers.[5]
In August 1969, there was the TWA Flight 840 hijacking.
In November 1969, two Arabs launched a grenade attack on the El Al offices at Athens destroying part of the offices, injuring 14 people and killing a two-year-old. They were arrested by the Greek authorities.[6][7]
In December 1969 three other Arabs had been arrested by the Greek authorities before being able to hijack a TWA flight and they confessed that they were members of the Palestine Liberation Organization and arrived in Athens from Beirut for this mission.[4]
In 1970, six Arabs from the Palestinian Popular Struggle Front hijacked an Olympic Airways's Boeing 727 (Flight 255) on its way from Beirut to Athens, demanding the release of the seven Arab guerrillas held in Greek jail. After an International Red Cross plea for the lives of the hostages, the Greek authorities promised to release the seven Arabs in one month's time. After refueled, the hijackers released the passengers but held hostage the crew and a Red Cross representative and flew to Cairo.[8][9]
In 1972 and 1973, Black September had done terrorist attack in different countries, including the Munich massacre at the 1972 Summer Olympics, the Israeli Bangkok Embassy hostage crisis, the Sabena Flight 571, the Attack on the Saudi embassy in Khartoum and the 1973 New York City bomb plot.
In addition, in July 1973, an armed Palestinian with sub-machine gun, grenades and revolvers tried unsuccessfully to attack the Athens office of the El Al Israel Airlines. After his unsuccessful attack, he held 17 people hostages (including children) in a hotel nearby, threatening to kill them all including himself, and demanded a safe passage to the Middle East.[10] He was deported to Kuwait.[11]
Attack
editThe two attackers, according to the Greek prosecutor, were: Shafik el Arid (22 years old) and Tallal Khantouran (21 or 22 years old), both from Jordan. They arrived in Athens the same day (5 August) from Beirut, Lebanon in order to make the attack. They had traveled to Athens previously on 3 August from Benghazi, Libya to survey the transit lounge.[12] Their orders were to attack Israel-bound passengers of any nationality travelling by any airline.[13]
The attackers opened fire and threw grenades into the crowd, killing 3, injuring 55 (including five police officers), and destroying parts of the building. They then took 35 hostages and held them for more than two hours before surrendering to the police.[1]
Their target was a flight for Tel Aviv, but they made a mistake and attacked the passengers for a flight to New York.[12]
The Tel Aviv Airport security was tightened due to fear that a plane flying to Israel might be hijacked. It was relaxed when the terrorists were arrested by the Greek authorities and it was clear that the attack was over.[14]
Aftermath
editThe Greek Government protested to Arab ambassadors and asked them "to cooperate in order to avert such actions in the future."[12]
Lufthansa plane hijacking
editIn December, the capture of the killers from the Hellinikon airport attack led to the 1973 Rome airport attacks and hijacking. The hijackers demanded from the Greek government the release of the two terrorists. After failing to persuade the Greek authorities to release the terrorists, they limited their demands to permission for just refuelling and leaving.[15]
Court decision
editThe Greek courts charged the killers with "premeditated homicide of a particularly odious nature, three counts; attempted homicide and grievous bodily injuries, 55 counts; considerable damage to foreign property and public utilities; illegal detention of persons; obstructing aerial communications and creating disorder in an airport, and illegal possession and use of weapons"[12] and in January 1974 they were sentenced to death.[16]
Hostage Crisis in Pakistan
editIn February 1974, three guerrillas armed with pistols, grenades and plastic bombs hijacked the Greek freighter Vori, holding Greeks as hostages at Karachi, Pakistan, and demanded the release of the attackers. They threatened to blow up the ship and kill the hostages, declaring that they were members of the Muslim International Guerrillas, a group which was active in the Philippines and Indonesia.[17][18] Greek government asked Arab ambassadors to intervene.[19] The Palestine Liberation Organization officials from the Karachi office[20] and the ambassadors to Pakistan of Syria, Egypt and Lebanon went to meet the guerrillas in order to help with the negotiations.[21]
The guerrillas eventually released the hostages, and in return the Greek government commuted the sentence of the Athens attackers from death to life imprisonment.[1] One of the hostages said that the gunmen were under the impression that the terrorists in Athens would be released.[18]
After they released the hostages, the guerrillas, accompanied by the Libyan and Egyptian ambassadors,[18] boarded a Pakistan International Airlines Boeing 707[22] and travelled to Egypt, whence they took another flight to Libya.[23] The guerrillas were wearing masks and dark glasses in order to hide their faces.[18]
Deportation to Libya
editIn May 1974, the Greek government decided to deport the two terrorists to Libya. Israel protested saying that their release would encourage terrorism.[24]
References
edit- ^ a b c d "1973: Athens attack leaves three dead". bbc. 2021-05-03.
- ^ Staff writers (22 January 1975). "How Often Are Arab Terrorists Punished? Hardly Ever!". The Day. Associated Press. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
- ^ "2 Arabs Face Athens Court, Plead Guilty". Eugene Register-Guard. Vol. 107, no. 93. UPI. 24 January 1974. p. 2A. Retrieved 2014-02-12 – via Google News Archive.
- ^ a b "Greece putting seven Arabs on trial". The Australian Jewish News. Vol. XXXVI, no. 25. Victoria, Australia. 27 February 1970. p. 26. Retrieved 7 August 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "ATHENS INCIDENT Arabs attack Israeli jet". The Canberra Times. Vol. 43, no. 12, 193. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 27 December 1968. p. 1. Retrieved 7 August 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "EXPLOSION IN ATHENS INJURES 15". The Canberra Times. Vol. 44, no. 12, 480. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 28 November 1969. p. 1. Retrieved 7 August 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "GREECE Two Arabs charged with boy's death". The Canberra Times. Vol. 44, no. 12, 683. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 25 July 1970. p. 4. Retrieved 7 August 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ Athens Agrees to Free 7 After Arabs Seize Airliner - New York Times
- ^ "GREEK HIJACK Ultimatum to Arabs". The Canberra Times. Vol. 44, no. 12, 682. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 24 July 1970. p. 4. Retrieved 7 August 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "15 hostages held in Athens hotel". The Canberra Times. Vol. 47, no. 13, 492. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 20 July 1973. p. 1. Retrieved 6 August 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "GREEKS DEMAND DEATH FOR ARAB ASSASSINS". The Australian Jewish Times. Vol. 80, no. 49. New South Wales, Australia. 16 August 1973. p. 1. Retrieved 6 August 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ a b c d Athens Airport Terrorists Are Charged With Murde. - The New York Times
- ^ "GREEKS DEMAN DEATH FOR ARAB ASSASSINS". The Australian Jewish Times. Vol. 80, no. 49. New South Wales, Australia. 16 August 1973. p. 1. Retrieved 6 August 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ Arabs Kill 3 and Wound 55 In Athens Airport Lounge - The New York Times
- ^ "Hijackers kill 30 in airport bombing". Papua New Guinea Post-courier. International, Australia. 19 December 1973. p. 7. Retrieved 7 August 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ 2 Arabs Condemned - The New York Times
- ^ Gunmen Free 2 Hostages On Greek Ship in Pakistan - The New York Times
- ^ a b c d Gunmen Who Held Greek Ship Seek Libya Entry From Cairo - The New York Times
- ^ GUERRILLAS SEIZE GREEK FREIGHTER - The New York Times
- ^ "WORLD NEWS". The Canberra Times. Vol. 48, no. 13, 661. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 4 February 1974. p. 5. Retrieved 7 August 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ Pakistan: Armed Guerrillas On Hijacked Greek Freighter Negotiate With Arab Representatives 1974 - British Pathe
- ^ "GUERRILLAS FREE 2, FLY TO CAIRO". Papua New Guinea Post-courier. International, Australia. 5 February 1974. p. 6. Retrieved 7 August 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "MIDDLE EAST Egypt, Israel adamant on Syrians". The Canberra Times. Vol. 48, no. 13, 663. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 6 February 1974. p. 5. Retrieved 7 August 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "GREECE Arabs deported". The Canberra Times. Vol. 48, no. 13, 739. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 7 May 1974. p. 4. Retrieved 7 August 2021 – via National Library of Australia.