The 1978 Santa Barbara earthquake (also known as the Goleta earthquake), occurred on August 13, 1978, 3:54 p.m. (PDT) with its epicenter beneath the Santa Barbara Channel.[4][5] The magnitude of the earthquake was estimated at ML 5.1 according to the Southern California Seismic Network; however, it may have been as high as 5.6 Mw.[1] There were no deaths from the event; however, 65 people sustained mild to moderate injuries.[6]
 The derailment of a freight train, caused by the earthquake | |
  Los Angeles  | |
| UTC time | 1978-08-13 22:54:52 |
|---|---|
| ISC event | 677997 |
| USGS-ANSS | ComCat |
| Local date | August 13, 1978 |
| Local time | 15:54:52 PDT |
| Magnitude | 5.1 ML 5.6 Mw[1] |
| Depth | 8.8 km (5.5 mi) |
| Epicenter | 34°11′N 118°15′W / 34.18°N 118.25°W |
| Fault | unknown |
| Type | Thrust |
| Total damage | $15 million (1978 rate) in damages |
| Max. intensity | MMI VII (Very strong) |
| Peak acceleration | 0.23−0.94 g[2][3] |
| Casualties | 65 injuries |
Tectonic setting
editSanta Barbara is part of California, which is known for its very high level of seismic activity, the second highest in all of the United States only behind Alaska. The Santa Barbara area is affected by numerous faults, inland within the mountainous ridges on the Santa Ynez Range down to the coastal plains and beneath the Santa Barbara Channel.[7] The Santa Barbara Channel lies within the Transverse Ranges block where the transform boundary between the North American and Pacific plates takes on a transpressional character associated with the "Big Bend" in the San Andreas Fault. The faults beneath the channel trend mainly west–east and are mainly thrusts with associated folding.[8] Santa Barbara was previously hit by a much larger earthquake in 1925, with estimated magnitude between 6.5 and 6.8 Mw , causing $8 million (1925 rate) in damage and killing 13 people.[9]
Earthquake
editAccording to initial records it measured 5.1–5.7 ML and is still being debated today. The fault that caused the tremor has still been unidentified however surface ruptures were found facing Northwestward around the epicenter focused beneath the Santa Barbara Channel. Seismograph monitors in the campus of the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) measured 0.45 g, another monitor at the top of the North hall on the other hand recorded accelerations as high as 0.94 g.[10] Other local seismographs claim that 0.40 g was recorded in Goleta and only 0.23 g was recorded in Santa Barbara.[11] Coincidentally, just a day before the earthquake struck, four seismographs were installed near the most affected areas. The newly installed instruments helped determine the focal mechanism; thrust faulting with a small component of left-lateral strike-slip.[6][12]
Damage
editDespite having a relatively moderate magnitude, it generated unusually strong ground movements.[13] The city of Goleta suffered the greatest damage due to its location nearest to the epicenter. Items were thrown out off shelves at shops, glass windows on buildings shattered, walls cracked and one roof reportedly collapsed. Rockslides were triggered, one of them blocking California State Route 154, 5 km southeast of the San Marcos Pass, forcing a closure for 30 hours. Other landslides occurred nearby the San Marcos Pass, and along south of U.S. Highway 101.[14] The airport terminal at the Santa Barbara Municipal Airport leaned, and a nearby freight train from Goleta derailed.[6] At the library of the UCSB, some 400,000 volumes or about one third of all books were thrown out of shelves. The total damage was at $15 million, in the UCSB it was at $5.5 million alone.[10][6]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Hough, S.E.; Martin, S.S. (2018). "A proposed rupture scenario for the 1925 MW 6.5 Santa Barbara, California, earthquake". Tectonophysics. 747–748: 211–224. Bibcode:2018Tectp.747..211H. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2018.09.012. S2CID 134802727.
- ^ "1978 Santa Barbara Earthquake: In Brief". projects.eri.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
- ^ Miller, Richard K. (1979). "The Santa Barbara earthquake of 13 august, 1978". Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics. 7 (5). Wiley Online Library: 491–506. Bibcode:1979EESD....7..491M. doi:10.1002/eqe.4290070508. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
- ^ Modugno, Tom (2014-10-19). "Goleta Earthquake 1978". Goleta History. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
- ^ "M 5.1 – 12 km S of Santa Barbara, CA". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
- ^ a b c d "Southern California Earthquake Data Center at Caltech". Southern California Earthquake Data Center. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
- ^ Liddicoat, J. C. (1990-09-01). "Tectonic rotation of the Santa Ynez Range, California, recorded in the Sespe Formation". Geophysical Journal International. 102 (3): 739–745. Bibcode:1990GeoJI.102..739L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1990.tb04592.x. ISSN 0956-540X.
- ^ "Chapter 2: Tectonic History of the Transverse Ranges: Rotation and Deformation on the Plate Boundary | Education at the Center for Watershed Sciences". watershed.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
- ^ Scott Harrison (2019-06-28). "From the Archives: The 1925 Santa Barbara earthquake". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2019-06-28. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
- ^ a b "1978 Santa Barbara Earthquake: In Brief". projects.eri.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
- ^ Miller, Richard K. (1979). "The Santa Barbara earthquake of 13 august, 1978". Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics. 7 (5): 491–506. Bibcode:1979EESD....7..491M. doi:10.1002/eqe.4290070508. ISSN 1096-9845.
- ^ "M 5.1 – 12 km S of Santa Barbara, CA: Focal Mechanism". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2021-11-13. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
- ^ "Untitled – Desastres (CIDBIMENA)" (PDF). Cidbimena.desastres.hn.
- ^ "Artificial And Natural Slope Failures, The Santa Barbara Earthquake Of August 13, 1978". johnmartin.com. Retrieved 2021-11-13.