The 1991 Leningrad municipal elections took place on June 12, 1991[1] in the city of Leningrad (modern-day Saint Petersburg), located in the then-Soviet republic of Russia. The elections included the city's first popular mayoral election and a non-binding referendum on whether to change the city's name to its historic name of "Saint Petersburg". The elections coincided with the 1991 Russian presidential election.
Roughly two-thirds of the city's approximately three million eligible voters participated in the election.[2]
Background
editThe election coincided with the first (and ultimately only) round of the 1991 Russian presidential election, which was won by Boris Yeltsin. The coinciding presidential election was first-ever popular election of a Russian leader.[3] Also coinciding with the election was a mayoral election in Moscow and a presidential election in Tatarstan. Additionally coinciding was a referendum in Sverdlovsk on renaming their city to its former name of "Yekaterinburg".[4]
The election was the first ever popular election of a city administrator in the city's history.
Mayoral election
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Chairman of the Leningrad City Council Anatoly Sobchak (an independent politician) was elected the city's first popularly-elected mayor, winning 65% of the vote against Communist city council member Yuri Sevenard.
Before the election, Sobchak had been the chairperson of the Leningrad City Council.
Sobchak was considered to be a liberal. He was a former member of the Communist Party, but had left the party the previous year.[5] Sobchak was considered a like-minded reformer to Yeltsin, and was politically associated with Yeltsin. His victory, along with the similarly strong victory (also over 65%) of fellow Yeltsin ally Gavriil Popov in the coinciding Moscow mayoral election, were a boon to Yeltsin's political mandate.[3][6]
Sobchak and allies had called for more tractors and fewer tanks to be produced at Soviet government-operated defense plants in the Leningrad area. He also hoped to see municipally-owned enterprises of the city privatized through methods included outright sales, long-term leases, and the creation of joint-stock companies owned by employees. He also supported making the city a free economic zone which would lure foreign manufacturing and service companies to the area through tax concessions and exemptions from customs duties. In May 1991, Boris Yeltsin gave his support to this plan.[1]
Sobchak, during his campaign, supported renaming the city to its former name of "Saint Petersburg". He also called for removing Lenin from his mausoleum in Moscow's Red Square, saying that Lenin should be buried in Leningrad/Saint Petersburg alongside his mother and sister.[1]
The most significant candidate that Sobchak faced was Yuri Sevenard, the Communist Party's candidate.[2]
| Candidate | Description | Results[7][8] |
|---|---|---|
| Anatoly Sobchak | Chairman of Leningrad City Council | 65%[9] |
| Yuri Sevenard | Member of the City Council, director of Lengidroenergospetsstroy industrial construction association | 25% |
Name change referendum
edit55% of voters supported restoring the city's name to "Saint Petersburg". The referendum was non-binding, as only the Communist-dominated national parliament had the authority to implement a name-change.[3][6]
When the city was founded in 1703, it had been known by the name "Saint Petersburg", but had been renamed to "Petrograd" in 1914 and again to "Leningrad" in 1924, five days after the death of the inaugural leader of the Soviet Union, Vladimir Lenin.[1] After exhaustive lobbying by anti-Communist groups, the Leningrad City Council agreed to hold a referendum on changing the city's name to "Saint Petersburg".[2]
Debate over the name-change, ahead of the referendum, touched on the very value of Soviet identity. Bolsheviks, communists, and many war veterans opposed a name change as both attacking the ideals that had shaped their lives, and as an insult towards the suffering endured in the Battle of Leningrad.[3] The prospect of renaming drew particular anger from many survivors of the Siege of Leningrad.[1] Contrarily, reformers, intellectuals, Russian nationalists, and opponents of Communism felt that the name Saint Petersburg reflected Russian excellence and favored dropping the name "Leningrad", which they saw as identified by a system the felt had been repressive.[3] The greatest opposition was reportedly from voters over 65 years old, while the greatest support was from voters under the age of 30.[2]
Alexei II, Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church, supported the name change.[8] Other supporters of the name-change included then-city councilman Dmitry Mezentsev.[1]
Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev had spoken out ahead of the referendum against the prospect of renaming the city, declaring that "there are neither moral nor political grounds" to rename the city.[3][10] The June 1991 elections in Russia were seen as a blow to Gorbachev, also seeing the election of Yeltsin (whose coalition was critical of Gorbachev's policies) as president.[3] John Rettie of The Guardian suggested that Gorbachev's remarks opposing renaming may have encouraged voters to actually vote in support of renaming the city.[10] Deputy Mayor of Leningrad Vyacheslav Scherbakov also spoke against the potential name change.[1]
Among the arguments local Communists, led by Leningrad party leader Boris Gidaspov, used against the name-change was that it would be very costly to change the city's name on signs, stationery and equipment.[1] They also argued that it would dishonor survivors of the Siege of Leningrad.[2]
Renown Russian author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn argued that all Russians, not just Leningrad residents, should be allowed to vote on the matter of changing the city's name. He also expressed concern that the name "Petersburg" was in violation of linguistic and historical traditions, suggesting Petrograd and Svyato-Petrograd as Russified alternatives to the more Germanic "Petersburg".[1]
The 55% result in support of renaming the city was not predicted by pre-election polling.[5] Political observers had believed it might fail to pass.[1] Pre-election polls had shown the electorate near evenly-split,[2] showing the referendum likely to be defeated by a narrow margin.[10]
In its similar coinciding referendum, the residents of Sverdlovsk voted in support of renaming their city to its historical name of "Yekaterinburg".[4]
The Associated Press called the result, "a strong blow to the legacy of Lenin".[6] Scott Shane of The Baltimore Sun called the result, "potent symbol of the popular rejection of the 1917 revolution and its legacy."[10]
The name of the city was renamed to "Saint Petersburg" later that year.
| Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Support name-change | 55% | ||
| Oppose name-change | 43% | ||
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gray, Malcoln (10 June 1991). "'Leningrad' under siege | Maclean's | June 10, 1991". Maclean's | The Complete Archive. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f Brumley, Bryan (13 June 1991). "Voters: Give The Party a slap". Newspapers.com. Times-Advocate (Escondino). The Associated Press. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g Schmemann, Serge (14 June 1991). "YELTSIN IS HANDILY ELECTED LEADER OF RUSSIAN REPUBLIC IN SETBACK FOR COMMUNISTS". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
- ^ a b "On This Day in 1991 Boris Yeltsin Elected President". The Moscow Times. 13 June 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
- ^ a b Shane, Scott (14 June 1991). "Yeltsin wins Russia's first free elections Leningrad voters back name change to St. Petersburg". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
- ^ a b c "Reform dominates election". Newspapers.com. The Olympian (Olympia, Washington). The Associated Press. 14 June 1991. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
- ^ "Real Boris Yeltsin finally standing up". Newspapers.com. Arizona Republic. The New York Times. 14 Jun 1991. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
- ^ a b "Election". Newspapers.com. Tyler Morning Telagraph. The Associated Press. 14 Jun 1991. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
- ^ Как выбирали в 1991-м, Kommersant (11 June 2016)
- ^ a b c d Rettie, John (14 June 1991). "Leningrad becomes St Petersburg – archive, 1991". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 May 2022.