1993 Bolivian general election

1993 Bolivian general election
President and Vice President; All 130 Deputies and 27 Senators in the National Congress
Registered	2,399,197
Turnout	72.16% ( 1.48pp)
	Results by department (left) and province (right)
President before election; Jaime Paz Zamora; MIR	Elected President ; Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada; MNR

General elections were held in Bolivia on 6 June 1993.^[1] As no candidate for the presidency received over 50% of the vote, the National Congress was required to elect a president on 4 August. Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada of the MNR-MRTKL alliance was subsequently elected unopposed.

Campaign

Prior to the elections, the Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR) of incumbent Jaime Paz Zamora and the Nationalist Democratic Action (ADN) of ex-president Hugo Banzer formed the Patriotic Accord (AP) alliance. Hugo Banzer, in his fifth bid for the presidency, was presented as the Patriotic Accord's candidate in the election.

Banzer's primary opponent was the returning Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR) candidate Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada. The MNR's alliance with the Revolutionary Liberation Movement Tupaq Katari (MRTKL) saw Víctor Hugo Cárdenas, an indigenous Aymara, chosen as Sánchez de Lozada's running mate in an attempt to appeal to Bolivia's indigenous population.

The AP was faced with the negative image of corruption faced by Paz Zamora's government and the defensive campaign of Hugo Banzer. Two factors which made the MNR the clear front runner to win the election.^[2]

The campaign also saw the emergence of the "neo-populist" Max Fernández [es] and Carlos Palenque candidates who drew the support of sector of the population discontented with the mainstream political parties. Palenque of Conscience of Fatherland (CONDEPA), in his second run, campaigned on a platform of returning to the ideals of the 1952 National Revolution. Solidarity Civic Unity (UCS), in the party's first presidential run, presented Max Fernández.^[3]

Prior to the elections the Nationalist Democratic Action and Revolutionary Left Movement parties formed the Patriotic Accord alliance, whilst eight left-wing parties continued the United Left coalition.^[4]

A total of 14 candidates were presented for the presidential election.

Results

Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada won the popular vote by 35.56% to Hugo Banzer's 21.05%. The CONDEPA and UCS candidates won a similar number of votes with a 0.52% difference between Max Fernández and Carlos Palenque. The remaining 10 candidates won 15.34% of the vote between them.



Party		Presidential candidate	Votes	%	Seats
Party		Presidential candidate	Votes	%	Chamber	+/–	Senate	+/–
	MNR–MRTKL	Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada	585,837	35.55	52	+12	17	+8
	Patriotic Accord	Hugo Banzer	346,865	21.05	35	–36	8	–8
	Conscience of Fatherland	Carlos Palenque	235,427	14.29	13	+4	1	–1
	Solidarity Civic Unity	Max Fernández [es]	226,816	13.77	20	New	1	New
	Free Bolivia Movement	Antonio Araníbar Quiroga	88,260	5.36	7	New	0	New
	Bolivian Renewal Alliance	Casiano Ancalle Choque	30,867	1.87	1	New	0	New
	Alternative to Democratic Socialism	Jerjes Justiniano Talavera	30,286	1.84	1	New	0	New
	Revolutionary Vanguard of 9 April [es]	Carlos Serrate [es]	21,100	1.28	0	New	0	New
	Bolivian Socialist Falange	José Mario Serrate Paz	20,947	1.27	0	0	0	0
	Pachakuti Axis	[[Félix Cárdenas Aguilar ]] [es]	18,176	1.10	1	New	0	New
	United Left	Ramiro Velasco Romero	16,137	0.98	0	–10	0	0
	National Katarista Movement	Fernando Untoja Choque	12,627	0.77	0	New	0	New
	National Organisation of Independents	Oscar Bonifáz	8,096	0.49	0	New	0	New
	Democratic Federalist Movement	Carlos Valverde	6,269	0.38	0	New	0	New
Total			1,647,710	100.00	130	0	27	0

Valid votes			1,647,710	95.17
Invalid/blank votes			83,599	4.83
Total votes			1,731,309	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			2,399,197	72.16

By department

Department	PA	MNR-MRTKL	UCS	CONDEPA	Others
Beni	36.93%	41.40%	11.52%	1.25%	8.89%
Chuquisaca	26.23%	31.95%	12.67%	2.52%	26.62%
Cochabamba	21.05%	40.45%	18.75%	3.73%	16.02%
La Paz	13.85%	31.33%	10.52%	30.58%	13.72%
Oruro	18.24%	33.27%	20.31%	11.71%	16.47%
Pando	50.72%	33.09%	6.96%	0.43%	8.80%
Potosi	22.58%	30.65%	19.48%	6.29%	21.00%
Santa Cruz	26.98%	40.52%	13.01%	4.35%	15.15%
Tarija	30.29%	42.34%	13.79%	1.76%	11.82%
Source: Constituency-Level Election Archive

Congressional ballot

On 6 August 1993, the National Congress convened to elect the president. Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada was the only candidate voted on, and was supported by his MNR-MRTKL alliance as well as the UCS and MBL. All others parties abstained from voting.^[5] Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada was elected president while Víctor Hugo Cárdenas became Bolivia's first indigenous vice president.


Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada	Revolutionary Nationalist Movement	97	100.00
Total			97	100.00

Total votes			97	–
Registered voters/turnout			157	61.78
Source: Morales^[5]

Notes

^ Coalition consisting of ADN, MIR, PDC, and PCB (ML)

References

^ Dieter Nohlen (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume II, p133 ISBN 978-0-19-928358-3
^ Gisbert 2003, p. 174
^ Gisbert 2003, p. 176
^ Elections held in 1993 IPU
^ ^a ^b Morales, Walter Q (2003). A brief history of Bolivia. New York: Facts On File. p. 205.

Bibliography

Gisbert, Carlos D. Mesa (2003). Presidentes de Bolivia: entre urnas y fusiles : el poder ejecutivo, los ministros de estado (in Spanish). Editorial Gisbert.

[1] Coalition consisting of ADN, MIR, PDC, and PCB (ML)

[N1-2] Dieter Nohlen (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume II, p133 ISBN 978-0-19-928358-3

[3] Gisbert 2003, p. 174

[4] Gisbert 2003, p. 176

[5] Elections held in 1993 IPU

[:0-6] Morales, Walter Q (2003). A brief history of Bolivia. New York: Facts On File. p. 205.

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