1st Rifle Division may refer to:
- 1st Siberian Rifle Division (Russian Empire)
- 1st Rifle Division (Soviet Union)
- 1st Caucasian Rifle Division (Soviet Union) (1922–1931)
- 1st Kazan Rifle Division (1922–1936)
- 1st Rifle Division (1942)
- 1st Rifle Division NKVD (1941–1942)
- 1st Crimea Rifle Division (1941)
- 1st Guards Rifle Division (1941–1942)
- 1st Guards Rifle Division (1943–1945)