2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
Names
	Preferred IUPAC name 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
	Other names Hypogallic acid; 2-Pyrocatechuic acid; o-Pyrocatechuic acid
Identifiers
CAS Number	303-38-8 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image; Interactive image;
Abbreviations	2,3-DHBA; 2,3-DHB
ChEBI	CHEBI:18026 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1432 ;
ChemSpider	18 ;
DrugBank	DB01672 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.005.582
KEGG	C00196 ;
PubChem CID	19;
UNII	70D5FBB392 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID70858712 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C7H6O4/c8-5-3-1-2-4(6(5)9)7(10)11/h1-3,8-9H,(H,10,11) Key: GLDQAMYCGOIJDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/C7H6O4/c8-5-3-1-2-4(6(5)9)7(10)11/h1-3,8-9H,(H,10,11) Key: GLDQAMYCGOIJDV-UHFFFAOYAE;
	SMILES O=C(O)c1cccc(O)c1O; c1cc(c(c(c1)O)O)C(=O)O;
Properties
Chemical formula	C7H6O4
Molar mass	154.121 g·mol−1
Appearance	Colorless solid
Density	1.542 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting point	205 °C (401 °F; 478 K)
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid is a natural phenol found in Phyllanthus acidus^[2] and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta.^[3] It is also abundant in the fruits of Flacourtia inermis. It is a dihydroxybenzoic acid, a type of organic compound.

The colorless solid occurs naturally, being formed via the shikimate pathway. It is incorporated into various siderophores, which are molecules that strongly complex iron ions for absorption into bacteria. 2,3-DHB consists of a catechol group, which upon deprotonation binds iron centers very strongly, and the carboxylic acid group by which the ring attaches to various scaffolds through amide bonds. A famous high affinity siderophore is enterochelin, which contains three dihydroxybenzoyl substituents linked to the depsipeptide of serine.^[4]^[5]

It is a potentially useful iron-chelating drug^[6] and has antimicrobial properties.^[7]^[8]^[9]

2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid is also a product of human aspirin metabolism.^[10]

References

^ ^a ^b Haynes, William M., ed. (2016). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). CRC Press. p. 3.190. ISBN 9781498754293.
^ Sousa M, Ousingsawat J, Seitz R, et al. (January 2007). "An extract from the medicinal plant Phyllanthus acidus and its isolated compounds induce airway chloride secretion: A potential treatment for cystic fibrosis". Mol. Pharmacol. 71 (1): 366–76. doi:10.1124/mol.106.025262. PMID 17065237. S2CID 5793585.
^ Choudhary, M. I.; Naheed, N.; Abbaskhan, A.; Musharraf, S. G.; Siddiqui, H.; Atta-Ur-Rahman (2008). "Phenolic and other constituents of fresh water fern Salvinia molesta". Phytochemistry. 69 (4): 1018–1023. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.10.028. PMID 18177906.
^ O'Brien, I. G.; Cox, G. B.; Gibson, F. (1970). "Biologically active compounds containing 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid and serine formed by Escherichia coli". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 201 (3): 453–60. doi:10.1016/0304-4165(70)90165-0. PMID 4908639.
^ Young, I. G.; Gibson, F. (1969). "Regulation of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid in Aerobacter aerogenes and Escherichia coli". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 177 (3): 401–11. doi:10.1016/0304-4165(69)90302-X. PMID 4306838.
^ Graziano, J. H.; Grady, R. W.; Cerami, A. (1974). "The identification of 2,3-dihroxybenzoic acid as a potentially useful iron-chelating drug". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 190 (3): 570–575. PMID 4416298.
^ George, Shibumon; PJ, Benny; Kuriakose, Sunny; George, Cincy (2011). "Antibiotic activity of 2, 3-dihydroxybenzoic acid isolated from Flacourtia inermis fruit against multidrug resistant bacteria" (PDF). Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 4 (1).
^ PJ, Benny; Shibumon, George; Sunny, Kuriakose; Cincy, George (2010). "2, 3-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid: An Effective Antifungal Agent Isolated from Flacourtia inermis Fruit". International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2 (3): 101–105.
^ George, Shibumon; PJ, Benny; Kuriakose, Sunny; George, Cincy; Sarala, Gopalakrishnan (2011). "Antiprotozoal activity of 2, 3-dihydroxybenzoic acid isolated from the fruit extracts of Flacourtia inermis Roxb". Medicinal Plants - International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries. 3 (3): 237–241. doi:10.5958/j.0975-4261.3.3.038.
^ Grootveld, M.; Halliwell, B. (1988). "2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid is a product of human aspirin metabolism". Biochemical Pharmacology. 37 (2): 271–280. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(88)90729-0. PMID 3342084.

[crc-1] Haynes, William M., ed. (2016). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). CRC Press. p. 3.190. ISBN 9781498754293.

[2] Sousa M, Ousingsawat J, Seitz R, et al. (January 2007). "An extract from the medicinal plant Phyllanthus acidus and its isolated compounds induce airway chloride secretion: A potential treatment for cystic fibrosis". Mol. Pharmacol. 71 (1): 366–76. doi:10.1124/mol.106.025262. PMID 17065237. S2CID 5793585.

[3] Choudhary, M. I.; Naheed, N.; Abbaskhan, A.; Musharraf, S. G.; Siddiqui, H.; Atta-Ur-Rahman (2008). "Phenolic and other constituents of fresh water fern Salvinia molesta". Phytochemistry. 69 (4): 1018–1023. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.10.028. PMID 18177906.

[4] O'Brien, I. G.; Cox, G. B.; Gibson, F. (1970). "Biologically active compounds containing 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid and serine formed by Escherichia coli". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 201 (3): 453–60. doi:10.1016/0304-4165(70)90165-0. PMID 4908639.

[5] Young, I. G.; Gibson, F. (1969). "Regulation of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid in Aerobacter aerogenes and Escherichia coli". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 177 (3): 401–11. doi:10.1016/0304-4165(69)90302-X. PMID 4306838.

[6] Graziano, J. H.; Grady, R. W.; Cerami, A. (1974). "The identification of 2,3-dihroxybenzoic acid as a potentially useful iron-chelating drug". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 190 (3): 570–575. PMID 4416298.

[7] George, Shibumon; PJ, Benny; Kuriakose, Sunny; George, Cincy (2011). "Antibiotic activity of 2, 3-dihydroxybenzoic acid isolated from Flacourtia inermis fruit against multidrug resistant bacteria" (PDF). Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 4 (1).

[8] PJ, Benny; Shibumon, George; Sunny, Kuriakose; Cincy, George (2010). "2, 3-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid: An Effective Antifungal Agent Isolated from Flacourtia inermis Fruit". International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2 (3): 101–105.

[9] George, Shibumon; PJ, Benny; Kuriakose, Sunny; George, Cincy; Sarala, Gopalakrishnan (2011). "Antiprotozoal activity of 2, 3-dihydroxybenzoic acid isolated from the fruit extracts of Flacourtia inermis Roxb". Medicinal Plants - International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries. 3 (3): 237–241. doi:10.5958/j.0975-4261.3.3.038.

[10] Grootveld, M.; Halliwell, B. (1988). "2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid is a product of human aspirin metabolism". Biochemical Pharmacology. 37 (2): 271–280. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(88)90729-0. PMID 3342084.

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