2,6-Dihydroxypyridine is an alkaloid with the molecular formula C5H3N(OH)2. It is a colorless solid. 2,6-Dihyroxypyridine is an intermediate in the degradation of nicotine.
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| Names | |
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| Preferred IUPAC name
6-Hydroxypyridin-2(1H)-one | |
| Other names
2 (1H)-Pyridinone
6-Hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridone | |
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3D model (JSmol)
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| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.009.935 |
| KEGG | |
PubChem CID
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C5H5NO2 | |
| Molar mass | 111.100 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | colorless crystalline |
| Density | 1.379 ± 0.06 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 190–191 °C (374–376 °F; 463–464 K) |
| Boiling point | 387.2 ± 42.0 °C (729.0 ± 75.6 °F; 660.3 ± 42.0 K) |
| Soluble (41g/L) | |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Preparation
edit2,6-Dihydroxypyridine is an intermediate in the degradation of nicotine by the aerobic bacterium Arthrobacter nicotinovorans. The following reaction shows the formation of the intermediate from L-nicotine of tobacco.[1]
The figure represents the pathway for the degradation of L-nicotine by A. nicotinovorans to 2,6-dihydroxypyridine
Another reaction of 2,6-dihydroxypyridine highlights its function as a substrate for oxygenase. One example is the enzyme monooxygenase, which oxidizes the substrate by transferring one oxygen atom of O2 to the substrate. The other oxygen atom is reduced to water. The product of the oxidase reaction was determined to be 2,3,6-tri-hydroxypyridine because of the results of the stoichiometry as well as the results of the ultraviolet spectrum. This reaction can be shown by the following equation:
Arthrobacter oxydans, when grown on agar plates, were most active in the oxidation of 2,6-dihydroxypyridine.[2]
Structure and properties
edit2,6-Dihydroxypyridine in principle can exist in five tautomers:
The distribution of these tautomers is solvent-dependent. Studies show that tautomer II is most common in ethanol, water, and DMSO.[3]
Other Applications
edit2,6-Dihydroxypyridine has been investigated in an oxidation method of dyeing hair. The process utilizes 2,6-dihydroxypyridine as a coupling agent, and 2,4,5,6-tetraaminopyrimidine as a primary intermediate. This oxidation method intensifies the color of the dyed hair for several days.[4]
Main Reactions
edit2,6-dihydroxypyridine is a key intermediate in the degradation of nicotine by certain bacteria. The enzyme 2,6-dihydroxypyridine-3-hydroxylase, which is produced in Escherichia coli, is responsible for catalyzing the sixth step of nicotine degradation in the bacterium Arthrobacter nicotinovoran. 2,6-dihydroxypyridine is hydroxylated by hydroperoxy-FAD. This reaction yields 2,3,6-tri-hydroxypyridine. This is shown in the following reaction::
2,6-dihydroxypyridine hydroxylase is a dimeric flavoprotein, with one bound FAD molecule attached. The reaction is NADH-dependent and the enzyme only accepts 2,6-dihydroxypyridine as a substrate. Furthermore, the enzyme is inhibited by 2,6-dimethoxypyridine and 2,3-dihydroxypyridine.[1]
References
edit- ^ a b Schulz, G.; Treiber, N. (2008). "Structure of 2,6-Dihydroxypyridine 3-hydroxylase from a Nicotine-degrading Pathway". J. Mol. Biol. 379 (1): 94–104. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2008.03.032. PMID 18440023.
- ^ Gherna, R; et al. (1965). "The Bacterial Oxidation of Nicotine VI. The Metabolism of 2,6-dihydroxypseudooxynicotine". J. Biol. Chem. 240 (9): 3669–3674. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)97197-8. PMID 5835946.
- ^ Gerkensmeier, T; et al. (2001). "A New Type of Calixarene: Octahydroxypyridine[4]arenes". Chemistry: A European Journal. 7 (2): 465–474. doi:10.1002/1521-3765(20010119)7:2<465::AID-CHEM465>3.0.CO;2-A. PMID 11271533.
- ^ Wenke, G.; Wong, Y. Yellow Hair Color Dyeing Composition Having Improved Wear Properties. PCT Int. Appl. 2002. WO 2002024155 A1 20020328
External links
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Media related to 2,6-Dihydroxypyridine at Wikimedia Commons
