The 2009 Karonga earthquakes occurred near Karonga, Malawi in December 2009 near the northern tip of Lake Malawi in southeast Africa. The earthquakes were one of the biggest in the history of Malawi.
  | |
| UTC time | |
|---|---|
| A: 2009-12-06 17:36:36 | |
| B: 2009-12-08 03:08:57 | |
| C: 2009-12-12 02:27:03 | |
| D: 2009-12-19 23:19:15 | |
| ISC event | |
| A: 16413651 | |
| B: 14010603 | |
| C: 14094930 | |
| D: 16413801 | |
| USGS-ANSS | |
| A: ComCat | |
| B: ComCat | |
| C: ComCat | |
| D: ComCat | |
| Local date | |
| A: December 6, 2009 | |
| B: December 8, 2009 | |
| C: December 12, 2009 | |
| D: December 20, 2009 | |
| Local time | |
| A: 19:36 (CAT, UTC+2:00) | |
| B: 05:08 | |
| C: 04:27 | |
| D: 01:19 | |
| Magnitude | |
| A: Mw 5.8 | |
| B: Mw 5.9 | |
| C: Mw 5.5 | |
| D: Mw 6.0 | |
| Depth | |
| A: 9.0 km | |
| B: 8.0 km | |
| C: 10.0 km | |
| D: 6.0 km | |
| Max. intensity | MMI VIII (Severe)[1] |
| Casualties | 4 dead, 300 injured |
Geology
editBeing in the southern East African Rift, the 100 km-long Livingstone Fault marks the limit of the Karonga Basin. The earthquakes, located at about 50 km west of the Livingstone Fault, occurred along previously unknown buried faults beneath the Quaternary unconsolidated sediments. Satellite-based geophysical investigations indicated that one of the west dipping faults which cut the Karonga Basin might have ruptured during the earthquakes.[2][3] The studies also estimated a maximum slip of about 120 cm at 3–5 km depth with no evidence of dike-injection related activity associated with many earthquakes in Eastern Africa.[3] Another study utilized aeromagnetic data to image the basement structure around the rupture area and found that multiple buried faults ruptured during the earthquake among which are the St. Mary Fault (extending over 37 km in length) and the Kaporo Fault which is 36 km long and is buried beneath Lake Malawi.[4] Scientists have proposed that the dominance of seismicity in this part of northern Malawi may be due to the presence of pre-existing planes of weakness in the basement rocks that are favorably oriented to the tectonic stress field of the East African Rift.[4]
Earthquakes
edit| Date | Local Time (UTC +2) |
Magnitude (Mw) |
Latitude | Longitude | Depth | Casualties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| December 6, 2009 | 19:36 | 5.8 | 10.16°S | 33.82°E | 10 km[5] | |
| December 8, 2009 | 05:08 | 5.9 | 9.948°S | 33.878°E | 8 km[6] | 1[7] |
| December 12, 2009 | 04:27 | 5.4 | 9.96°S | 33.88°E | 10 km[8] | |
| December 19, 2009 | 15:02 | 6.0 | 10.108°S | 33.818°E | 6 km | 3[7] |
Intensity
editThe main earthquake could also be felt in Tanzania and Zambia.[1]
Damage
editOver 1,000 houses collapsed, 2,900 others were damaged, 4 people were killed and 300 people were wounded in this earthquake sequence.[9][10] The majority of the building collapse was caused by liquefaction that occurred within a shallow layer of saturated unconsolidated lake sediments along the shoreline.[11] The locations of ground damage and liquefaction align with the fault that ruptured the earthquake.[11]
References
edit- ^ a b "PAGER – M 6.0 – MALAWI". United States Geological Survey. 19 December 2009. Archived from the original on 23 December 2009. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ a b Hamiel, Y.; Baer, G.; Kalindekafe, L.; Dombola, K.; Chindandali, P. (October 2012). "Seismic and aseismic slip evolution and deformation associated with the 2009-2010 northern Malawi earthquake swarm, East African Rift". Geophysical Journal International. 191 (3): 898. Bibcode:2012GeoJI.191..898H. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246x.2012.05673.x. ISSN 0956-540X.
- ^ a b Kolawole, F.; Atekwana, E. A.; Laó-Dávila, D. A.; Abdelsalam, M. G.; Chindandali, P. R.; Salima, J.; Kalindekafe, L. (March 2018). "Active Deformation of Malawi Rift's North Basin Hinge Zone Modulated by Reactivation of Preexisting Precambrian Shear Zone Fabric". Tectonics. 37 (3): 683–704. Bibcode:2018Tecto..37..683K. doi:10.1002/2017tc004628. ISSN 0278-7407.
- ^ "M5.8 – Malawi". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
- ^ "M5.9 – Malawi". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
- ^ a b "Significant Earthquakes of the World". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
- ^ "M5.4 – Malawi". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
- ^ "COMET – Centre for the Observation and Modelling of Earthquakes and Tectonics | Homepage". Comet.nerc.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 13 August 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
- ^ "Malawi: Karonga earthquake UNRC situation report no. 1". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2024-09-12.
- ^ a b Kolawole, F; Atekwana, E A; Laó-Dávila, D A; Abdelsalam, M G; Chindandali, P R; Salima, J; Kalindekafe, L (2018-02-19). "High-resolution electrical resistivity and aeromagnetic imaging reveal the causative fault of the 2009 Mw 6.0 Karonga, Malawi earthquake". Geophysical Journal International. 213 (2): 1412–1425. doi:10.1093/gji/ggy066. ISSN 0956-540X.
External links
edit- The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and/or authoritative data for this event.