The 2010 United States redistricting cycle took place following the completion of the 2010 United States census. In all fifty states, various bodies re-drew state legislative districts. States that are apportioned more than one seat in the United States House of Representatives also drew new districts for that legislative body. The resulting new districts were first implemented for the 2011 and 2012 elections.
The rules for redistricting vary from state to state, but all states draw new legislative and congressional maps either in the state legislature, in redistricting commissions, or through some combination of the state legislature and a redistricting commission. Though various laws and court decisions have put constraints on redistricting, many redistricting institutions continue to practice gerrymandering, which involves drawing new districts with the intention of giving a political advantage to specific groups.[1] Political parties prepare for redistricting years in advance, and partisan control of redistricting institutions can provide a party with major advantages.[2] Aside from the possibility of mid-decade redistricting,[3] the districts drawn in the 2010 redistricting cycle will remain in effect until the next round of redistricting following the 2020 United States census.
This was the first cycle since the 2000 cycle.
United States House of Representatives
editReapportionment
edit
Article One of the United States Constitution establishes the United States House of Representatives and apportions representatives to the states based on population, with reapportionment occurring every ten years. The decennial United States census determines the population of each state. Each of the fifty states is guaranteed at least one representative, and the Huntington–Hill method is used to assign the remaining 385 seats to states based on the population of each state. Congress has provided for reapportionment every ten years since the enactment of the Reapportionment Act of 1929. Since 1913, the U.S. House of Representatives has consisted of 435 members, a number set by statute, though the number of representatives temporarily increased in 1959. Reapportionment also affects presidential elections, as each state is guaranteed electoral votes equivalent to the number of representatives and senators representing the state.[citation needed]
Newly created districts and eliminated districts
editThe new seats were first contested in the 2012 United States House of Representatives elections.
| Eliminated districts | Created districts |
|---|---|
Results of the 2010 cycle
editAs Republicans had made significant gains in the 2010 state legislative elections, the Republican State Leadership Committee established a program called REDMAP in order to draw legislative, congressional and other district maps to ensure Republican victories in future elections. Among the strategists involved in the drawing of favorable maps was Thomas Hofeller and strategist Chris Jankowski.
Democrats were particularly unhappy with the results of the 2012 House elections in which Democratic candidates for the U.S. House received more votes than Republican House candidates, but Republicans retained control of the chamber.[4] After the results of the 2010 census results were released:
- Legislative Republican majorities in both chamber and governorship were in control of the redistricting process over 219 congressional districts across 22 states
- Legislative Democratic majorities in both chamber and governorship were in control of the redistricting process over 44 congressional districts across 11 states
- Independent/bipartisan commission were in control of the redistricting process over 88 congressional districts
- Different legislative party majorities in either chamber and/or the governorship shared control of the redistricting process over 77 congressional districts across 17 states
- 7 states were represented by at-large House districts
In addition, the Democrats were deeply disadvantaged by the resulting state legislative maps, with similar effects of malapportionment being observed in Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Michigan and North Carolina.
This perceived skewing of the redistricting process set the stage for several legal challenges from voters and groups in the court system, including several heard at the Supreme Court level.[5]
Changes to the redistricting process since 2012
editFederal court rulings
editIn the 2013 case, Shelby County v. Holder, the Supreme Court struck down Section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act, which was a coverage formula that determined which states and counties required preclearance from the Justice Department before making changes to voting laws and procedures.[6] The formula had covered states with a history of minority voter disenfranchisement, and the preclearance procedure was designed to block discriminatory voting practices.[6] In the 2019 case of Rucho v. Common Cause, the Supreme Court held that claims of partisan gerrymandering present nonjusticiable political questions that cannot be reviewed by federal courts.[7]
In another 2019 case, Department of Commerce v. New York, the Supreme Court blocked the Trump administration from adding a question to the 2020 census regarding the citizenship of respondents.[8]
State court rulings
editIn 2015, the Supreme Court of Florida ordered the state to draw a new congressional map on the basis of a 2010 state constitutional amendment that banned partisan gerrymandering.[9]
In 2018, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court threw out the 2011 U.S. House of Representatives map on the grounds that it violated the state constitution; the court established new redistricting standards requiring districts to be compact and to minimize the splitting of counties and towns.[10]
In 2019, a North Carolina state court struck down the state's legislative districts on the grounds that the district had been created with the partisan intent of favoring Republican candidates.[11]
Ballot measures
editIn 2015, Ohio voters approved a ballot measure changing the composition of the commission charged with drawing state legislative districts, adding two legislative appointees to the commission and creating rules and guidelines designed to make partisan gerrymandering more difficult.[12] In May 2018, Ohio voters approved a proposal that modified the state's congressional redistricting processes.[13]
In 2018, voters in Colorado and Michigan approved of a proposal to establish an independent redistricting commission for congressional and state legislative districts in their respective states. Missouri voters approved of a proposal to have a "non-partisan state demographer" draw state legislative districts.[14] In Utah, voters approved the creation of a redistricting commission to draw congressional and state legislative districts, though the Utah state legislature retains the power to reject these maps.[15]
In 2020, voters in Virginia approved the establishment of a bipartisan redistricting commission for both congressional and state legislative redistricting. The commission consists eight legislators and eight non-legislator citizens, with the commission split evenly between Democrats and Republicans.[16]
References
edit- ^ Miller, pp. 10-11
- ^ Miller, William J.; Walling, Jeremy (June 7, 2013). The Political Battle over Congressional Redistricting. Lexington Books. pp. 1–4. ISBN 9780739169841. Archived from the original on September 16, 2020. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
- ^ Wilson, Reid (February 4, 2015). "Nevada Republicans could take up mid-decade redistricting". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 13, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
- ^ Levitz, Eric (August 4, 2015). "Democrats aim to 'unrig' congressional maps in 2020". MSNBC. Archived from the original on October 30, 2016. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
- ^ Newkirk II, Vann (October 28, 2017). "How Redistricting Became a Technological Arms Race". The Atlantic. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
- ^ a b Levitt, Justin. "Who draws the lines?-Preclearance". All About Redistricting. Archived from the original on November 4, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
- ^ Chung, Andrew; Hurley, Lawrence (June 27, 2019). "In major elections ruling, U.S. Supreme Court allows partisan map drawing". Reuters. Archived from the original on June 27, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
- ^ Liptak, Adam (June 27, 2019). "Supreme Court Leaves Census Question on Citizenship in Doubt". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 27, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
- ^ Prokop, Andrew (December 5, 2015). "Florida's Supreme Court has struck another blow against gerrymandering". Vox. Archived from the original on November 24, 2019. Retrieved September 11, 2019.
- ^ Lai, Jonathan; Navratil, Liz. "Pennsylvania, gerrymandered: A guide to Pa.'s congressional map redistricting fight". Philly.com. Archived from the original on June 29, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
- ^ Mills Rodrigo, Chris (September 3, 2019). "North Carolina court strikes down state legislative map". The Hill. Archived from the original on September 5, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
- ^ Siegel, Jim (November 4, 2015). "Voters approve issue to reform Ohio's redistricting process". The Columbus Dispatch. Archived from the original on November 15, 2016. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
- ^ Wilson, Reid (May 8, 2018). "Ohio voters pass redistricting reform initiative". The Hill. Archived from the original on November 8, 2018. Retrieved November 7, 2018.
- ^ Moon, Emily (November 7, 2018). "HOW DID CITIZEN-LED REDISTRICTING INITIATIVES FARE IN THE MID-TERMS?". Pacific Standard. Archived from the original on November 7, 2018. Retrieved November 7, 2018.
- ^ Rodgers, Bethany; Wood, Benjamin (February 22, 2020). "Utah's new anti-gerrymandering law is at risk, group warns". The Salt Lake Tribune. Archived from the original on March 14, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
- ^ Weiner, Rachel (November 4, 2020). "Virginians approve turning redistricting over to bipartisan commission". The Washington Post.