The Benishangul-Gumuz conflict was an armed conflict mostly in the Metekel Zone of the Benishangul-Gumuz Region in Ethiopia that started in 2019, until peace agreement signed between the rebel groups and the government of Ethiopia in October 2022.[5]
| Benishangul-Gumuz conflict | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) | |||||||
 Location of Benishangul-Gumuz Region in Ethiopia | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Fano militias[2] |
 Sudan (Gumuz militiamen only)[6] | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
 Abiy Ahmed Ashadli Hussein |
Abdul Wahab Mehdi Isa (BPLM)[4] | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 500+[citation needed] | |||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown |
137 killed[8][9] 28 killed[10][8] | ||||||
|
437–537 civilians killed[11][1][12][13][14] Estimated 100,000 internally displaced and 7,000 refugees[15] | |||||||
Background
editEthnic tensions
editBenishangul-Gumuz is home to several different ethnicities including the Gumuz, Berta, Shinasha, Mao, Komo and Fadashi. The Gumuz have had tensions with agricultural Amhara, Oromos, Tigrayans and Agaw migrants, who in Metekel Zone constitute minority ethnic groups. Large scale land acquisitions by both local and foreign investors have pushed the Gumuz off the land.[15][16] The Benishangul-Gumuz constitution was revised in 2002 to designate the Gumuz, Shinasha, Berta, Komo, and Mao as “owners” and disenfranchised all other ethnic groups as residents, but not citizens, limiting their prospects in economic participation and political representation.[17] Gumuz are alleged to have formed militias such as Buadin and the Gumuz Liberation Front that have staged attacks against those seen as "settlers".[18][19][20] Local officials admitted and then apologized for orchestrating ethnic killings as a way to push back against the ruling Prosperity Party which was alleged to be planning to eliminate self rule for the country's ethnic groups.[15] Some Amhara groups calling for Metekel to be incorporated into Amhara. The Chairman of an Amhara group called Fano, Solomon Atanaw, said in March 2020 that Fano would not disarm without Metekel zone being part of Amhara Region.[21] At a public meeting with prime minister Abiy Ahmed on 22 December, Zebid Budna of Kamashi Zone attributed the violence to the Oromo Liberation Army.[12]
Around this time, the federal government was waging a war with the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) and has often blamed the TPLF for problems around the country.[16] Ashadli Hussein, president of the Benishangul-Gumuz Region, blamed the (TPLF) as holding the main responsibility[5] and stated that there were many groups associated with political parties encouraging the armed conflict. He blamed the TPLF as holding the main responsibility.[5]
Regional tension
editBenishangul-Gumuz is also home to the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), which has caused tensions with neighboring Sudan and Egypt because of the dam's effect on the Nile river downstream. Sudan recently laid claim to Guba district in the Metekel zone closest to Sudan where the GERD lies, citing the belief that Guba was gifted to Emperor Menelik II by Khalifa Abdullahi.[15] The government has blamed Egypt of assisting the Gumuz militia.[22] The federal Ethiopian government, run by Prosperity Party (PP), attributed major responsibility for massacres to the TPLF and to the Egyptian government in relation to the GERD, with Towabeb Mehret of the PP stating, "The groups who are benefiting from this [violence] are terrorists getting orders from the TPLF".[16] Assosa University researcher Tsegaye Berhanu criticised this point of view, stating that the government "should not externalise problems and point fingers at political opposition parties. It should try to understand the real causes [of the violence] and address [them]."[16]
Course of the conflict
edit2019
editJune
editThe Amhara Region coup d'état attempt took place on 22 June 2019. Early on the morning of 23 June, armed men suspected to be supportive of the leader of the attempted coup killed 37 people and wounded 18 in the Metekel Zone.[23]
2020
editSeptember
editWeeks of attacks on civilians took place in Metekel Zone in early September, especially in Bulan. Online social media estimated 150 deaths, which Atinkut Shitu, administrator of Metekel Zone, disputed. According to social media as summarised by Addis Standard, the targets were ethnic Amharans. Officials stated that the attacks had no ethnic motivations.[1]
October
edit12–40 people were killed over a personal dispute over a stolen firearm in Metekel zone. Amhara politicians claim it was an attack on members of the Amhara ethnic group by Gumuz militias.[18]
November
editA 14 November attack on a passenger bus in Benishangul-Gumuz killed at least 34 people.[11] It occurred in Benishangul-Gumuz Region, as the bus was travelling between Wenbera and Chagni in the context of the wider Metekel conflict.[24] Aljazeera reported that the violence as ethnically motivated, and targeted campaign by ethnic Gumuz militias against ethnic Amhara and Agew living in Metekel.[25]
December
editIn December 2020, Ashadli stated that federal and regional security forces were coordinating in "annihilating 'anti-peace forces', arresting them, and confiscating firearms".[5] Vice-president of the Benishangul-Gumuz Region, Getahun Abdisa, described the region's actions in terms of a "coordinated effort between the regional government, the federal government, the regional police, anti-insurgency and security forces" of detaining members of "criminal groups".[26] On 21 December 2020, the Benishangul-Gumuz Command Post stated that it was carrying out a "door-to-door hunt" of suspected perpetrators of the violence.[12]
The command post of Metekel zone killed 23 insurgents reportedly associated with the TLPF in Dangur.[10]
Civilians were killed in the Dangur and Dibate woredas on 15 December. Amhara Region officials stated that the victims were Amharans killed for their ethnic identity. Benishangul-Gumuz officials disagreed with the identifying the conflict as "communal violence between various nations".[26] Addis Standard estimated on 22 December that Metekel Zone attacks had killed 24 people.[12]
Metekel massacre
editOn the night of 22–23 December 2020, a massacre and burning down of houses took place in Bikuji kebele in Metekel Zone.[20][5] As of 23 December 2020[update], the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission counted 100 deaths. Other sources state 220 were killed[20] of mostly Amharas, Oromos, and Shinashas by a suspected Gumuz militia.[16] Authorities responded by killing 42 suspects and arresting seven officials.[9][27][28]
2021
editJanuary
editBetween 5:00 and 7:00 on the morning of 12 January in Daletti in the Metekel Zone, 82 civilians were killed and 22 injured in an attack, according to the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC).[14]
February
editOn 26 February, "government security forces" killed 26 unarmed civilians in Dibate.[29]
April
editAn unidentified armed group took over the county of Sedal Woreda in the Kamashi Zone of the Benishangul-Gumuz Region in April 2021.[30]
May
editOn May 22, suspected members of the Gumuz People’s Liberation Movement entered into Nejo woreda, Oromo Region, and killed 6 people and injured one. They also burned down houses.[31]
July
editOn July 28, the government said they had killed 95 members of the GPDM in an operation in Awolbegu kebele, Sherkole district. 5 members of the TPLF were also said to be killed.[8]
In September 2021, special forces from Ahmara and other regions were redeployed to Benishangul-Gumuz to deal with the increased insecurity.[32]
Peace process
editOn 22 December 2020, Abiy Ahmed held talks with Metekel Zone residents, Minister of Peace Muferiat Kamil, army Chief of Staff Birhanu Jula Gelalcha, Ashadli Hussein, and other officials.[12] Ashadli stated that the Ministry of Peace would coordinate the creation of a reconciliation committee consisting of people from the Benishangul-Gumuz and Amhara Regions.[5]
By late February 2021, several peace forums had been held in Gilgil Beles, the capital of Metekel Zone. The federal government started creating a "multi-ethnic self-defence militia", which had 9000 members as of February 2021[update]. Tsegaye Berhanu, a researcher at Assosa University was critical of the creation of the militia, stating, "Arming unarmed groups is like encouraging revenge, and puts the area into an endless conflict trap."[16]
On May 18, members of the Gumuz People’s Democratic Movement (GPDM) signed a memorandum of understanding with the regional government agreeing to undergo re-integration training in the region. Despite this, other armed groups like the Gumuz People’s Liberation Movement continued to perpetrate violent attacks against civilian populations delaying the Ethiopian election. In October 2022, Benishangul Gumuz regional government communication bureau said the regional government and the GPDM signed a peace agreement to resolve their differences “through dialogue.”[7] In December 2022, the regional government signed a peace agreement with the armed group Benishangul People’s Liberation Movement (BPLM) in Khartoum, Sudan.[4]
Post peace treaty
editDespite the peace agreement in 2022, an attack by GPDM led to the deaths of eight people. The violence was preceded by the killing of a native Gumuz teenager in a car accident and was followed by the killing by GPDM of a shepherd.[3]
Casualties
editMassacres of civilians
editMass killings of civilians in Metekel Zone started on 23 June 2019, the day following the Amhara Region coup d'état attempt,[23] and continued in September,[1] October,[18] November,[11] and December 2020,[26][20][5] and in January[14] and February 2021.[29]
Displaced people
editMore than a hundred thousand people were displaced by the conflict as of February 2021[16] and 7,000 have fled to neighboring Sudan.[15]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d Mekonnen, Siyanna; Abera, Etenesh (16 September 2020). "Analysis: Weeks long attacks on civilians leave several dead, injured in Metekel zone, Benishangul Gumuz region". Addis Standard.
- ^ "All Is Not Quiet on Ethiopia's Western Front". Foreign Policy. 6 January 2021.
- ^ a b "Eight killed, 16 injured in latest attack by armed group in Benishangul Gumuz despite peace agreement". Addis Standard. 15 July 2023.
- ^ a b c "Benishangul Gumuz region signs peace agreement with second rebel group, deal signed in Sudan". Addis Standard. 12 December 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Mekonnen, Siyanne; Fasil, Mahlet (23 December 2020). "News Alert: Eyewitnesses say more than 90 killed in fresh attack in Bulen Wereda, Benishangul Gumuz; region cautions civilians to join safe villages". Addis Standard.
- ^ "Containing the Volatile Sudan-Ethiopia Border Dispute". Crisis Group. 24 June 2021.
- ^ a b "Benishangul Gumuz regional govt, rebel group sign peace agreement". Addis Standard. 19 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
- ^ a b c "Benishangul authorities says over 100 armed rebels annihilated". borkena.com. 28 July 2021.
- ^ a b "Defence army takes measures against 42 anti-peace elements in Metekel zone". Fana Broadcasting Corporation. 24 December 2020.
- ^ a b "Command post kills 23 insurgents in western Ethiopia". New Business Ethiopia. 8 December 2020.
- ^ a b c "Benishangul-Gumuz: Attackers kill dozens in western Ethiopia". BBC News. 23 December 2020.
- ^ a b c d e Mekonnen, Siyanne (22 December 2020). "News: PM Abiy meets Metekel residents to discuss security; meeting comes a day after door-to-door 'hunt' launched to control 'criminal groups' behind attacks on civilians". Addis Standard.
- ^ "Death toll from attack in western Ethiopia reaches 222, Red Cross says". Reuters. 25 December 2020.
- ^ a b c "Over 80 civilians killed in latest west Ethiopia massacre: EHRC". Al Jazeera English. 13 January 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Etefa, Tsega (16 March 2021). "What's causing the violence in western Ethiopia". The Conversation.
- ^ a b c d e f g Gerth-Niculescu, Maria (23 February 2021). "Anger, fear run deep after months of ethnic violence in western Ethiopia". The New Humanitarian.
- ^ Kifle, Sara (19 April 2021). "Ethnic Cleansing in Ethiopia". Harvard Political Review.
- ^ a b c "12 killed in latest attack in western Ethiopia". News24. 13 October 2020.
- ^ "Benishangul: At least 60 civilians mostly women, children killed". borkena.com. 12 January 2021.
- ^ a b c d "More than 100 killed in latest ethnic massacre in Ethiopia". AP. 23 December 2020.
- ^ "Fano Will Not Lay Down Arms If Demands Are Not Met: Chairman". Ezega.com. 28 March 2020.
- ^ Tessema, Seleshi (23 January 2021). "'Egypt working to destabilize Ethiopia, East Africa'". Andalou Agency.
- ^ a b Meseret, Elias (26 June 2019). "Ethiopia: 37 killed in another region after coup attempt". AP.
- ^ "Gunmen in western Ethiopia kill at least 34 people in bus attack, rights body says". Reuters. 15 November 2020.
- ^ "Dozens killed in 'gruesome' bus attack in western Ethiopia". Al Jazeera English. 15 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
- ^ a b c Mekonnen, Siyanne (17 December 2020). "News: As killings of civilians continue in Metekel, authorities in Benishagul Gumuz, Amhara regional states step up blames". Addis Standard.
- ^ "Ethiopian troops kill 42 armed men behind deadly village attack, reports state TV". Al Arabiya. 24 December 2020.
- ^ "Over 80 killed in attack in Ethiopian border region with Sudan - state rights commission". Reuters. 13 January 2021.
- ^ a b Mekonnen, Siyanne (8 March 2021). "News: Security forces kill scores of civilians, arrest several in Metekel after attack by rebels killed three, wounded seven; Ethiopia accuses Egypt & Sudan for persistent violence". Addis Standard.
- ^ "Armed group takes control of county in western Ethiopia - rights commission". Reuters. 21 April 2021.
- ^ "EPO Monthly: May 2021". Ethiopia Peace Observatory. 9 June 2021.
- ^ "At least 20 people killed in latest attack by armed men in Benishagul Gumuz state; UN says growing insecurity worsening humanitarian conditions". addisstandard.com. 5 March 2022.