2023–24 Kaizer Chiefs F.C. season

Kaizer Chiefs
2023–2024 season
Head Coach	Cavin Johnson
Stadium	FNB Stadium
DStv Premiership	10th Position
MTN 8	Semi-final
Nedbank Cup	Round of 32
Carling Knockout Cup	Round of 16
Top goalscorer	League: Pule Mmodi (3 goal); All: Edson Castillo(4 goals)
	← 2022–23 2024–25 →
	All statistics correct as of 02 January 2024.

This current 2023–24 season of the DStv Premiership is Kaizer Chiefs' 28th consecutive season in the PSL League.^[1]

Season summary

Kaizer Chiefs has reunited with Kappa once again, forming a partnership back in November 2022 after the Sponsorship deal between Kaizer Chiefs and Nike came to an end. The partnership between Kappa and Kaizer Chiefs will last for the next 5 years.^[2]

Kaizer Chiefs will be completing in 4 competitions in total.

Kaizer Chiefs have signed more than 5 players for the season.

There has been a change in the management department; Molefi Ntseki being appointed as the new head coach.^[3] The previous head coach Arthur Zwane is appointed as the first assistant coach joining the second assistant coach Dillon Sheppard in Assist Coach position.

Squad

Season squad

Jersey No.	Name	Position(s)	Date of birth (Age)
GOALKEEPERS
1	Brandon Peterson	GK	(1994-09-22) 22 September 1994 (age 30)
32	Itumeleng Khune		(1987-06-20) 20 June 1987 (age 37)
34	Bontle Molefe		(2003-06-01) 1 June 2003 (age 21)
44	Bruce Bvuma		(1995-05-15) 15 May 1995 (age 29)
DEFENDERS
2	Edmilson Dove	LB	(1994-07-18) 18 July 1994 (age 30)
4	Zitha Kwinika	CB	(1994-01-04) 4 January 1994 (age 30)
18	Dillion Solomons	RB	(1996-05-13) 13 May 1996 (age 28)
21	Sifiso Hlanti	LB	(1990-05-01) 1 May 1990 (age 34)
24	Thatayaone Ditlhokwe	CB/LB	(1998-09-21) 21 September 1998 (age 26)
25	Given Msimango	CB	(1997-05-04) 4 May 1997 (age 27)
27	Njabulo Ngcobo	CB	(1994-05-27) 27 May 1994 (age 30)
39	Reeve Frosler	RB	(1998-01-11) 11 January 1998 (age 26)
47	Aiden McCarthy	LB	(2003-12-17) 17 December 2003 (age 20)
MIDFIELDERS
3	Mduduzi Mdantsane	CM/AM	(1994-12-13) 13 December 1994 (age 29)
5	Sibongiseni Mthethwa	DM	(1994-09-20) 20 September 1994 (age 30)
6	Siyethemba Sithebe	CM/AM	(1993-01-06) 6 January 1993 (age 31)
8	Yusuf Maart	CM	(1995-07-17) 17 July 1995 (age 29)
10	Keagan Dolly	AM/WF	(1993-01-22) 22 January 1993 (age 31)
11	Tebogo Potsane	AM/CM	(1993-09-03) 3 September 1993 (age 31)
12	Nkosingiphile Ngcobo	CM	(1999-11-16) 16 November 1999 (age 25)
17	Edson Castillo	DM/CM/AM	(1994-05-18) 18 May 1994 (age 30)
19	Happy Mashiane	LM	(1998-01-01) 1 January 1998 (age 26)
22	George Matlou	AM	(1998-07-12) 12 July 1998 (age 26)
33	Sabelo Radebe	AM/WF	(2003-02-03) 3 February 2003 (age 21)
37	Samkelo Zwane	CM	(2002-01-04) 4 January 2002 (age 22)
42	Mduduzi Shabalala	AM	(2004-01-20) 20 January 2004 (age 20)
47	Lebohang Lesako	CM	(1999-07-03) 3 July 1999 (age 25)
—	Darrel Matseke	DM/CM	(1999-01-04) 4 January 1999 (age 25)
—	Vicky Mkhawana	AM	(2006-01-10) 10 January 2006 (age 18)
FORWARDS
7	Ranga Chivaviro	CF	(1992-11-21) 21 November 1992 (age 32)
9	Ashley Du Preez	CF/WF	(1997-07-16) 16 July 1997 (age 27)
—	Khama Billiat	WF	(1990-08-19) 19 August 1990 (age 34)
13	Pule Mmodi	LW/RW	(1993-02-23) 23 February 1993 (age 31)
14	Jasond González	CF	(1999-06-12) 12 June 1999 (age 25)
36	Wandile Duba	CF	(2004-06-27) 27 June 2004 (age 20)
21	Christian Saile	CF/WF	(1999-11-30) 30 November 1999 (age 24)
46	Keletso Sifama	WF	(2003-01-01) 1 January 2003 (age 21)

Pre-season and Friendly Games

Kaizer Chiefs are holding the team Pre-season camp in Mpumalanga.The Team will travel back to Johannesburg on 15 July 2023. They will travel to Tanzania to face off against Young Africans S.C. in a friendly match and will travel to Botswana for their second friendly match against Township Rollers F.C.

22 July 2023	Young Africans	1–0	Kaizer Chiefs	Dar es Salaam,Tanzania
19:00 EAT(UTC+03:00) 18:00SAST(UTC+02:00)	Musonda 45+1'	Report		Stadium: National Stadium

29 July 2023	Township Rollers	1–0	Kaizer Chiefs	Gaborone,Botswana
15:30 SAST (UTC+02:00)	Rakhale 80'	Report		Stadium: Botswana National Stadium

DStv Premiership

6 August 2023 Matchday 1	Kaizer Chiefs	0–0	Chippa United	Durban
15:00 SAST		Report		Stadium: Moses Mabhida Stadium

9 August 2023 Matchday 2	Mamelodi Sundowns	2–1	Kaizer Chiefs	Pretoria
15:00 SAST	Ribeiro 21' Maema 89'	Report	Du Preez 83'	Stadium: Lucas Masterpieces Moripe Stadium

20 August 2023 Matchday 3	TS Galaxy	1–0	Kaizer Chiefs	Mbombela
15:00 SAST	Peterson (o.g.)	Report		Stadium: Mbombela Stadium

26 August 2023 Matchday 4	Kaizer Chiefs	3–0	AmaZulu	Soweto
20:00 SAST	Mmodi 4', 59' Castillo 87'	Report		Stadium: FNB Stadium

30 August 2023 Matchday 5	Stellenbosch	0–2	Kaizer Chiefs	Stellenbosch
19:30 SAST	Adams 6' Titus 48', 55' Rayners 81'	Report	Mmodi 52' Saile 89' Mmodi 45' Shabalala 82'	Stadium: Danie Craven Stadium

16 September 2023 Matchday 6	Kaizer Chiefs	0–0	Royal AM	Soweto
20:00 SAST		Report	Sithole 76' Ngcobo 79'	Stadium: FNB Stadium

20 September 2023 Matchday 7	Supersport United	1–0	Kaizer Chiefs	Polokwane
19:30 SAST	Dzvukamanja 2'	Report		Stadium: Peter Mokaba Stadium

30 September 2023 Matchday 8	Kaizer Chiefs	2–1	Sekhukhune United	Soweto
20:00 SAST	Castillo 59' Dove 76' Maart 41'	Report	Mokwana 45' Cardoso 49'	Stadium: FNB Stadium

3 October 2023 Matchday 9	Kaizer Chiefs	0–1	Cape Town City	Soweto
19:30 SAST			Mayo 58'	Stadium: FNB Stadium

28 October 2023 Matchday 10	Golden Arrows	2–1	Kaizer Chiefs	Mpumalanga
20:00 SAST	Mutizwa 20' , 54 '	Report	Hlanti 23'	Stadium: Mpumalanga Stadium

8 November 2023 Matchday 11	Kaizer Chiefs	3–2	Cape Town Spurs	Soweto
19:30 SAST	Castillo 15' Chivaviro 25' Saile 83'	Report	Phewa 43' Baartman 90'	Stadium: FNB Stadium

11 November 2023 Matchday 12	Kaizer Chiefs	0–1	Orlando Pirates	Soweto
15:30 SAST			Makgopa 20'	Stadium: FNB Stadium

26 November 2023 Matchday 13	Moroka Swallows	0–1	Kaizer Chiefs	Bloemfontein
15:30 SAST			Saile 82'	Stadium: Seisa Ramabodu Stadium

9 December 2023 Matchday 14	Polokwane City	0–1	Kaizer Chiefs	Polokwane
15:30 SAST			Mmodi 51'	Stadium: Old Peter Mokaba Stadium

23 December 2023 Matchday 15	Kaizer Chiefs	1–0	Richards Bay	Soweto
15:30 SAST	Ngcobo 42'			Stadium: FNB Stadium

30 December 2023 Matchday 16	Sekhukhune United	1–1	Kaizer Chiefs	Polokwane
20:00 SAST	Mokwana 42'		Chivaviro 81'	Stadium: Peter Mokaba Stadium

7 May 2024 Matchday 17	Kaizer Chiefs	2–2	TS Galaxy	Soweto
18:30 SAST	Chivaviro 18' 50' Edmilson 45'		Mahlangu 32'(pen.) 76'	Stadium: FNB Stadium

18 February 2024 Matchday 18	Royal AM	0–0	Kaizer Chiefs	Durban
15:30 SAST				Stadium: Chatsworth Stadium

2 March 2024 Matchday 19	Kaizer Chiefs	0–0	Moroka Swallows	Soweto
17:30 SAST				Stadium: FNB Stadium

5 March 2024 Matchday 20	Kaizer Chiefs	1–0	Golden Arrows	Soweto
19:30 SAST	Duba 11'			Stadium: FNB Stadium

9 March 2024 Matchday 21	Orlando Pirates	3–2	Kaizer Chiefs	Soweto
15:30 SAST	Saleng 24', 68' Lebitso 58'		Du Preez 6' , 44'	Stadium: Orlando Stadium

30 March 2024 Matchday 22	Cape Town City	0–0	Kaizer Chiefs	Cape Town
15:30 SAST				Stadium: Cape Town Stadium

2 April 2024 Matchday 23	Kaizer Chiefs	0–1	Stellenbosch	Soweto
19:30 SAST			Titus 45+1'	Stadium: FNB Stadium

6 April 2024 Matchday 24	Chippa United	2–0	Kaizer Chiefs	Gqeberha
15:00 SAST	Eva Nga 21' Kwayiba 32'			Stadium: Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium

20 April 2024 Matchday 25	Richards Bay	1–0	Kaizer Chiefs	Richards Bay
15:00 SAST	Mcineka 64'			Stadium: Richards Bay Stadium

27 April 2024 Matchday 26	Kaizer Chiefs	2–1	Supersport United	Soweto
17:00 SAST	Saile 19' Shabalala 76'		Dzvukamanja 53'(pen.)	Stadium: FNB Stadium

30 April 2024 Matchday 27	Kaizer Chiefs	1–5	Mamelodi Sundowns	Soweto
19:30	Msimango 19' Shabalala 85'(pen.)		Matthews 52' 82' Esquivel 56' Ribeiro 90' Lorch 90+4'	Stadium: FNB Stadium

11 May 2024 Matchday 28	AmaZulu	1–1	Kaizer Chiefs	Durban
17:00 SAST	Letsoalo 39'		Du Preez 2'	Stadium: Moses Mabhida Stadium

18 May 2024 Matchday 29	Kaizer Chiefs	0–0	Polokwane City	Soweto
15:00 SAST				Stadium: FNB Stadium

24 May 2024 Matchday 30	Cape Town Spurs	2–0	Kaizer Chiefs	Cape Town
15:00 SAST				Stadium: Athlone Stadium

MTN 8

Kaizer Chiefs will play their first MTN 8 match against Cape Town City F.C. The fixture was automatically confirmed at the end of the 2022–23 South African Premier Division as Cape Town City finished on 4th position and Kaizer Chiefs finishing in the 5th position of the Log. ^[4]

13 August 2023	Cape Town City	1–2	Kaizer Chiefs	Cape Town
15:00 SAST	van Heerden 23' Rhodes 25' Ambina 90+5'	Report	Du Preez 36' Castillo 90+4' Hlanti 27' Potsane 45+2'	Stadium: Athlone Stadium

2 September 2023	Kaizer Chiefs	1–1 (1–1 agg.)	Mamelodi Sundowns	Soweto
15:00 SAST	Castillo 61', 38' Mmodi 42'	Report	Mvala 21' Modiba 27' Mudau 85', 90+3'	Stadium: FNB Stadium

23 September 2023	Mamelodi Sundowns	2–1	Kaizer Chiefs	Pretoria
15:00 SAST	Shalulile 1', 45+4' Lebusa 36' Boutouil 49' Maseko 57'	Report	Du Preez 34'(pen.) Maart 58'	Stadium: Lucas Masterpieces Moripe Stadium

Carling Knockout Cup

October 2023	Kaizer Chiefs	0–1	AmaZulu	Soweto
TBD SAST		Report	Fillies 88'	Stadium: FNB Stadium

Nedbank Cup

25 February 2024 Nedbank Cup Round of 32	Kaizer Chiefs	0–0 (a.e.t.) (4–5 p)	Milford	Johannesburg
16:00 SAST	Chivaviro	Report	Mthabela 26' 111'	Stadium: FNB Stadium
	Penalties
	Maart Castillo Chivaviro Du Preez Solomons		Mbhele Sigomoshe Ngxongo Cele Hleza

Statistics

Pos	Team	Pld	W	D	L	GF	GA	GD	Pts
8	Polokwane City	30	9	12	9	21	27	−6	39
9	Golden Arrows	30	10	8	12	32	43	−11	38
10	Kaizer Chiefs	30	9	9	12	25	30	−5	36
11	AmaZulu	30	8	12	10	24	30	−6	36
12	Chippa United	30	8	10	12	29	30	−1	34

Source: Premier Soccer League


Overall								Home						Away
Pld	W	D	L	GF	GA	GD	Pts	W	D	L	GF	GA	GD	W	D	L	GF	GA	GD
9	3	2	4	8	6	+2	11	2	2	1	5	2	+3	1	0	3	3	4	−1

matchday	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
ground	H	A	A	H	A	H	A	H	H
Results	D	L	L	W	W	D	L	W	L	L	W	L
Position	10	12	12	11	5	5	8	5	8
Points	1	1	1	4	7	8	8	11	11

Source: psl
A = Away; H = Home; W = Win; D = Draw; L = Loss

Competition	First match	Last match	Starting round	Final position	Record
Competition	First match	Last match	Starting round	Final position	Pld	W	D	L	GF	GA	GD	Win %
2023–24 South African Premier Division	6 August 2023	24 May 2024	Matchday 1	TBD	9	3	2	4	8	6	+2	033.33
2023–24 Nedbank Cup	February 2024	23 September 2023	Round of 32	Semi-Finals	3	1	1	1	4	4	+0	033.33
2023 MTN 8	August 2023	TBD	Semi Finals	TBD	0	0	0	0	0	0	+0	!—
2023 Carling Knockout Cup	October 2023	TBD	Round of 16	TBD	0	0	0	0	0	0	+0	!—
Total					12	4	3	5	12	10	+2	033.33

Source: Competitions

Goal Scorers

Rank	Name	Competition				Total
Rank	Name	DStv Premiership	MTN 8	Carling Knockout Cup	Nedbank Cup	Total
1	Edson Castillo	2	2	0	0	4
2	Pule Mmodi	3	0	0	0	3
2	Ashley Du Preez	1	2	0	0	3
3	Christian Saile	1	0	0	0	1
3	Edmilson Dove	1	0	0	0	1

Assists

Rank	Name	Competition				Total
Rank	Name	DStv Premiership	MTN 8	Carling Knockout Cup	Nedbank Cup	Total
1	Tebogo Potsane	2	0	0	0	2
	Ashley Du Preez	1	1	0	0
	Mduduzi Mdantsane	1	1	0	0
2	Christian Saile	0	1	0	0	1
	Mduduzi Shabalala	1	0	0	0
	Dillon Solomons	1	0	0	0
	Reeve Frosler	1	0	0	0

Clean Sheets

Rank	Name	Competition				Total
Rank	Name	DStv Premiership	MTN 8	Carling Knockout Cup	Nedbank Cup	Total
1	Brandon Peterson	4				4
2	Itumeleng Khune
	Bruce Bvuma
	Bontle Molefe

Transfers

Transfer-In

Date	Position	Name	From	Fee	Ref
1 July 2023	DF	Thatayaone Ditlhokwe	SuperSport United	Free	^[5]^[6]
	DF	Given Msimango	TS Galaxy	ZAR 4'000'000	^[5]^[6]
	MF	Mduduzi Mdantsane	Cape Town City	ZAR 3'500'000	^[6]
		Edson Castillo	Caracas F.C.	undisclosed	^[7]
		Vicky Mkhawana	Kaizer Chiefs (Promoted)	—	^[8]
8 July 2023		Tebogo Potsane	Royal AM	undisclosed	^[9]
20 September 2023		Sibongiseni Mthethwa	Stellenbosch	ZAR 6'000'000	^[10]
1 July 2023	FW	Ranga Chivaviro	Marumo Gallants	undisclosed	^[11]
1 July 2023	FW	Pule Mmodi	Golden Arrows	undisclosed	^[12]
Loan In
7 August 2023	FW	Jasond González	Real Santa Cruz	Undisclosed	^[13]

Transfer-Out/Released


Date	Position	Name	To	Fee	ref.
May 2023	CB	Eric Mathoho	Released	—	^[14]
June 2023	CB	Siyabonga Ngezana	FCSB	ZAR12'000'000	^[15]
	MF	Phathutshedzo Nange	Released	—	^[16]
	MF	Cole Alexander			^[17]
13 July 2023	CB	Austin Dube			^[18]
1 August 2023	FW	Kgaogelo Sekgota			^[19]
16 August 2023	FW	Bonfils-Caleb Bimenyimana			^[20]
18 September 2023	MF	Kamohelo Mahlatsi			^[21]

References

^ "Premier Soccer League – www.psl.co.za – official website". psl.co.za. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
^ Luthuli, Lusanda. "First Look: Chiefs Reveal Kappa Merch!". Soccer Laduma. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
^ Times, iDiski (28 June 2023). "Official: Chiefs Announce New Head Coach". iDiski Times. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
^ Reporter, S. L. "2023/24 MTN8 Fixture List Confirmed". Soccer Laduma. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
^ "New-look Kaizer Chiefs defence: How Soweto giants could line up with new signings in 2023–24 season | Goal.com South Africa". www.goal.com. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
^ ^a ^b Dube, Mthokozisi (25 March 2023). "Kaizer Chiefs complete third signing". FARPost. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
^ Gwegwe, Siseko (13 June 2023). "Breaking: Chiefs agree terms to sign Edson Castillo". The South African. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
^ newsherald (27 May 2023). "Vicky signs with the Kaizer Chiefs". Letaba Herald. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
^ Writer, S. L. "BREAKING: Chiefs Confirm Seventh Signing". Soccer Laduma. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
^ Kohler, Lorenz (20 September 2023). "Chiefs Set To Beat Pirates To Mthethwa Deal". iDiski Times. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
^ Gwegwe, Siseko (23 June 2023). "Chiefs: New striker spotted at Naturena". The South African. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
^ Makonco, Sinethemba (27 June 2023). "Mmodi Has Signed With Chiefs – Source". iDiski Times. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
^ Kohler, Lorenz (7 August 2023). "Chiefs Land New South American Striker". iDiski Times. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
^ "Kaizer Chiefs confirm Eric Mathoho exit: Tower gives emotional speech as he leaves Naturena | Goal.com South Africa". www.goal.com. 25 May 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
^ "Siyabonga Ngezana: Kaizer Chiefs confirm defefender joins Romanian outfit Fotbal Club FCSB | Goal.com South Africa". www.goal.com. 15 June 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
^ "Former Kaizer Chiefs duo are now reunited at PSL rivals SuperSport United after Phathutshedzo Nange finds a new home | Goal.com South Africa". www.goal.com. 28 June 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
^ Kohler, Lorenz (29 June 2023). "Chiefs Part Ways With Another Player". iDiski Times. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
^ "Austin Dube: Richards Bay unveil former Kaizer Chiefs defender | Goal.com South Africa". www.goal.com. 14 July 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
^ Kohler, Lorenz (1 August 2023). "Sekgota Lands New Club After Chiefs Exit". iDiski Times. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
^ "Chiefs part ways with Burundian international Bimenyimana". SowetanLIVE. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
^ Raophala, Mauwane (18 September 2023). "Kaizer Jr reveals the reason behind Mahlatsi's contract termination". FARPost. Retrieved 18 September 2023.

External links

•Kaizer Chiefs Website

[:1-1] "Premier Soccer League – www.psl.co.za – official website". psl.co.za. Retrieved 2 August 2022.

[2] Luthuli, Lusanda. "First Look: Chiefs Reveal Kappa Merch!". Soccer Laduma. Retrieved 26 June 2023.

[3] Times, iDiski (28 June 2023). "Official: Chiefs Announce New Head Coach". iDiski Times. Retrieved 29 June 2023.

[4] Reporter, S. L. "2023/24 MTN8 Fixture List Confirmed". Soccer Laduma. Retrieved 15 June 2023.

[5] "New-look Kaizer Chiefs defence: How Soweto giants could line up with new signings in 2023–24 season | Goal.com South Africa". www.goal.com. Retrieved 8 April 2023.

[:0-6] Dube, Mthokozisi (25 March 2023). "Kaizer Chiefs complete third signing". FARPost. Retrieved 8 April 2023.

[7] Gwegwe, Siseko (13 June 2023). "Breaking: Chiefs agree terms to sign Edson Castillo". The South African. Retrieved 13 June 2023.

[8] wsherald (27 May 2023). "Vicky signs with the Kaizer Chiefs". Letaba Herald. Retrieved 27 June 2023.

[9] Writer, S. L. "BREAKING: Chiefs Confirm Seventh Signing". Soccer Laduma. Retrieved 8 July 2023.

[10] Kohler, Lorenz (20 September 2023). "Chiefs Set To Beat Pirates To Mthethwa Deal". iDiski Times. Retrieved 21 September 2023.

[11] Gwegwe, Siseko (23 June 2023). "Chiefs: New striker spotted at Naturena". The South African. Retrieved 24 June 2023.

[12] Makonco, Sinethemba (27 June 2023). "Mmodi Has Signed With Chiefs – Source". iDiski Times. Retrieved 27 June 2023.

[13] Kohler, Lorenz (7 August 2023). "Chiefs Land New South American Striker". iDiski Times. Retrieved 8 August 2023.

[14] "Kaizer Chiefs confirm Eric Mathoho exit: Tower gives emotional speech as he leaves Naturena | Goal.com South Africa". www.goal.com. 25 May 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.

[15] "Siyabonga Ngezana: Kaizer Chiefs confirm defefender joins Romanian outfit Fotbal Club FCSB | Goal.com South Africa". www.goal.com. 15 June 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.

[16] "Former Kaizer Chiefs duo are now reunited at PSL rivals SuperSport United after Phathutshedzo Nange finds a new home | Goal.com South Africa". www.goal.com. 28 June 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.

[17] Kohler, Lorenz (29 June 2023). "Chiefs Part Ways With Another Player". iDiski Times. Retrieved 30 June 2023.

[18] "Austin Dube: Richards Bay unveil former Kaizer Chiefs defender | Goal.com South Africa". www.goal.com. 14 July 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.

[19] Kohler, Lorenz (1 August 2023). "Sekgota Lands New Club After Chiefs Exit". iDiski Times. Retrieved 1 August 2023.

[20] "Chiefs part ways with Burundian international Bimenyimana". SowetanLIVE. Retrieved 16 August 2023.

[21] Raophala, Mauwane (18 September 2023). "Kaizer Jr reveals the reason behind Mahlatsi's contract termination". FARPost. Retrieved 18 September 2023.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]