Wikipedia

2024 Mexican judicial reform

The 2024 Mexican judicial reform is a series of constitutional amendments that restructured the judiciary of Mexico.[1] The reform replaced Mexico's appointment-based system for selecting judges with one where judges, pre-selected by Congress, are elected by popular vote, with each judge serving a renewable nine-year term. It reduces the number of Supreme Court justices from 11 to 9 and limits their terms to 12 years. The reform also allows the use of "faceless" judges and establishes a new tribunal for judicial oversight and accountability, while significantly reducing benefits and salaries previously received by members of the judiciary.[2][3] With its passing, Mexico became the first country to have elections for all judges.[4][5]

2024 Mexican judicial reform
Congress of the Union
  • A decree to amend, add, and repeal various provisions of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, regarding the reform of the Judicial Branch.
CitationDecreto por el que se reforman, adicionan y derogan diversas disposiciones de la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, en materia de reforma del Poder Judicial Diario Oficial de la Federación, 15 September 2024.
Enacted byChamber of Deputies
Enacted bySenate
Signed byAndrés Manuel López Obrador
Signed15 September 2024
Effective16 September 2024
Legislative history
First chamber: Chamber of Deputies
First reading1 September 2024
Passed4 September 2024
Voting summary
  • 357 voted for
  • 130 voted against
  • 13 absent
Second chamber: Senate
First reading10 September 2024
Passed11 September 2024
Voting summary
  • 86 voted for
  • 41 voted against
  • 1 absent
Amends
Constitution of Mexico
Status: In force

The reform was put forward by the governing coalition, led by the National Regeneration Movement (Morena), with the goal of eliminating corruption in the judiciary.[6] It faced significant resistance from opposition political parties, judicial workers, and international organizations, who argued that it threatened judicial independence.[7][8] It sparked nationwide protests and strikes, even leading to the storming of the Senate on the day of the bill's vote.[9][10]

The amendments secured the required two-thirds majority in Congress and were then ratified by a majority of state legislatures in record time.[11][12] It was promulgated by outgoing president Andrés Manuel López Obrador on 15 September.[13][14]

Background

edit

During his presidency, Andrés Manuel López Obrador frequently clashed with the judiciary, accusing it of obstructing his government by granting constitutional relief injunctions (amparos) that delayed his infrastructure projects, such as the Tren Maya, often halting tree felling.[15] López Obrador claimed the judiciary was controlled by a minority, complicit in white-collar crime, and influenced by external actors.[15][16] On 1 September 2023, he announced plans to pursue judicial reform aimed at eliminating conflicts of interest and corruption, proposing that judges be elected by popular vote.[17]

On 5 February 2024, López Obrador introduced a package of constitutional reforms known as "Plan C", among them a reform to the country's judiciary.[18][19] As a constitutional amendment, the reform required approval by a two-thirds majority in both chambers of Congress.

During the 2024 general election, Claudia Sheinbaum campaigned on passing López Obrador's "Plan C", including the judicial reform, if her coalition secured a supermajority in Congress.[20] Her coalition, Sigamos Haciendo Historia—comprising the National Regeneration Movement (Morena), the Labor Party (PT), and the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (PVEM)—won a supermajority in the Chamber of Deputies with 364 of 500 seats. In the Senate, they fell three seats short of a supermajority, holding 83 out of 128 seats. On 28 August, defections by the two senators elected for the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) reduced the shortfall to just one seat.

Shortly after winning the election, president-elect Sheinbaum committed to prioritizing the judicial reform.[21] Between 14 and 16 June 2024, three opinion polls conducted by De las Heras, Enkoll, and Morena showed that around 80% of respondents supported the reforms, although only half of those polled were previously aware of the proposal.[22] From 27 June to 8 August, Sheinbaum and Morena legislators agreed to hold nine discussion forums, each focusing on a different aspect of the reform package.[23][24]

Legislative history

edit

Chamber of Deputies

edit

During the final days of the LXV Legislature of the Congress of the Union, the judicial reform was introduced to the Constitutional Points Commission of the Chamber of Deputies. On 26 August 2024, the commission voted along party lines to send the reform to the full Chamber of Deputies, with 22 in favor and 16 against.

On 31 August, a judge granted an amparo to striking court employees and judges, blocking discussion or voting on the reform in Congress.[25]

On 1 September, at the start of the LXVI Legislature, the first reading of the reform took place. The PRI parliamentary group, led by Rubén Moreira, left the chamber, claiming the reading was illegal due to an active amparo. Ricardo Monreal, the coordinator of the Morena parliamentary group, defended the reading, arguing that amparos do not apply to constitutional reforms.[26]

On 3 September, the reform was scheduled to be discussed at the Legislative Palace of San Lázaro. Due to protests by court employees and students, which blocked access to the legislative palace, the vote was relocated to a gymnasium, a move criticized by opposition deputies and senators.[27] The debate began at 16:00 CST,[28] and in the early hours of 4 September 2024, the general text was approved, along party lines in a 359–135 vote, with opposition deputies from the National Action Party (PAN), Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), and Citizens' Movement (MC) voting against.[29]

In the hours that followed, several amendments were made: Magdalena Núñez Monreal (PT) introduced gender parity and inclusive language provisions, Jesús Martín Cuanalo Araujo (PVEM) proposed allowing judges to continue practicing law after leaving office, and Francisco Ávila Anaya (Morena) secured compensation for judges, including three months' salary and 20 days' pay per year of service.[30] The final vote passed with 357 votes in favor and 130 against, again with all opposition deputies present voting against.[31]

Senate

edit

On 8 September 2024, the Senate's Constitutional Points and Legislative Studies commissions held a joint meeting, voting along party lines to advance the reform to the full Senate, with 25 votes in favor and 12 against.[32]

With Morena and its allies just one seat short of a supermajority in the Senate, they needed support from at least one opposition senator to meet the two-thirds requirement to pass the reform. Ahead of the Senate vote, opposition parliamentary coordinators—Guadalupe Murguía (PAN), Manuel Añorve (PRI), and Clemente Castañeda (MC)—announced their parties would unanimously oppose the reform.[33] The three parties also claimed external pressure and bribery attempts aimed at convincing senators to defect,[34][35] with the PAN alleging that state attorneys general were threatening opposition senators.[36]

 
Protesters inside the Senate Chamber on 10 September

On 10 September, the first reading of the reform took place. During the session, two senators were absent: Daniel Barreda (MC) and Miguel Ángel Yunes Márquez (PAN). Claiming that Barreda and his father had been arrested, Citizens' Movement called for a recess, but Adán Augusto López (MORENA) disproved the claim through a phone call with Barreda, and the motion was defeated in an 83–41 vote.[37] Yunes Márquez, who had been widely suspected as likely to defect, submitted a letter requesting a leave of absence. This request was approved in an 83–36 vote, and his alternate, Miguel Ángel Yunes Linares, was sworn in.[38][39]

Discussion on the reform began at 14:30 CST but was disrupted when protesters stormed the building, forcing an indefinite recess.[40] The session reconvened at an alternate venue at 19:00 CST, with Mexico City police securing the site.[41] During the session, Yunes Márquez returned to his seat and announced that he would break with his party and vote for the reform.[42] Opposition senators protested at the Senate podium, voicing their objections to the reform and the absence of Daniel Barreda, who had been located in Campeche dealing with his father's arrest, which they described as a kidnapping.[43] The text passed with an 86–41 vote at around 04:00 CST the following morning.[44]

Ratification

edit

Having been passed by the LXVI Legislature, the reform was sent to state legislatures for consideration.[45] A majority of the states (17 of 32) were required to ratify the reform package for its constitutional amendments to take effect.[46] Oaxaca became the first state to ratify on 11 September 2024, just hours after its approval in the Senate;[47] seventeen other states followed suit over the next 24 hours, most of them ratifying the reform on a fast-track basis.[48] Querétaro was the first state to vote against the reform,[49] followed by Jalisco two days later.[50]

By 12 September, a majority of the states had ratified the reform, with Zacatecas becoming the seventeenth to do so.[51] The state legislature ratification process was finalized in under 24 hours, breaking the previous record set by the 2013 energy reform, which took 45 hours.[12]

On 13 September, the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies convened to issue the constitutional declaration of the reform, formally sending it to President López Obrador for publication. By that time, 23 state congresses had ratified the reform. All opposition deputies and senators boycotted the session.[52][53]

On 15 September, just before the annual Cry of Dolores, President López Obrador promulgated the judicial reform in the Official Journal of the Federation, with President-elect Claudia Sheinbaum present as a witness.[14]

State legislatures' decisions on the judicial reform
Congress Date Ratified Vote
For/Against/Abst.
Oaxaca 11 September   Yes[47] 42–0–0
Tabasco 11 September   Yes[54] 24–8–0
Quintana Roo 11 September   Yes[55] 21–4–0
Veracruz 11 September   Yes[56] 32–11–0
Querétaro 11 September   No[49]
Baja California Sur 11 September   Yes[57] 19–2–0
Nayarit 11 September   Yes[58] 24–6–0
Colima 11 September   Yes[59] 18–5–0
Yucatán 11 September   Yes[60] 19–16–0
Morelos 11 September   Yes[61] 14–6–0
Durango 11 September   Yes[62] 19–6–0
Baja California 11 September   Yes[62] 20–5–0
Tlaxcala 11 September   Yes[63] 21–4–0
Puebla 11 September   Yes[64] 28–10–0
Campeche 11 September   Yes[65] 22–5–0
Sinaloa 11 September   Yes[66] 31–1–0
Guerrero 12 September   Yes[67] 33–9–4
Zacatecas 12 September   Yes[68] 17–12–0
Tamaulipas 12 September   Yes[69] 20–10–1
Mexico City 12 September   Yes[70] 46–20–0
Mexico 12 September   Yes[71] 54–20–1
Sonora 12 September   Yes[72] 27–6–0
Jalisco 13 September   No[50] 10–26–2
Hidalgo 13 September   Yes[73] 24–6–0
San Luis Potosí 13 September   Yes[74] 19–7–0

Provisions

edit

Judicial elections

edit

The reform proposes the establishment of elections for all federal judges, including Supreme Court justices.[75][76] All judges, excluding those in the Supreme Court, would be elected for nine-year terms, with the possibility of one consecutive re-election.[3]

The National Electoral Institute (INE) would oversee judicial elections. Public and private funding, the purchase of media space, and campaigning by political parties would be prohibited.[77]

To be eligible as a candidate for a judicial position, individuals must be Mexican citizens by birth, have no serious criminal convictions, hold a law degree with a minimum grade point average of 8, have at least five years of relevant professional experience, submit a series of essays on pertinent legal topics, and provide five reference letters outlining their qualifications. Candidates cannot have held roles as members of the federal cabinet, attorney general, president, federal deputy, senator, or governor during the year before the election.[3][77]

A special election will be held in 2025 to elect new Supreme Court justices and fill half of all judicial positions. The remaining half would be elected in 2027.[3]

Judicial anonymity

edit

The reforms allow for cases involving organized crime to be heard by "faceless" judges.[78][79] The provision was introduced by the Chamber of Deputies during the bill's committee stage in response to a suggestion floated by López Obrador during his daily press conference some days earlier.[80]

Judicial oversight

edit

The reform proposes replacing the Federal Judiciary Council with the Judicial Disciplinary Tribunal. The tribunal would consist of five members elected by popular vote to serve a single six-year term, with the presidency rotating among the members who receive the highest number of votes. The tribunal would have the authority to sanction, suspend, or remove judges, and its decisions would be non-appealable.[81]

Changes to the Supreme Court

edit

The number of justices on the Supreme Court would be reduced from 11 to 9 and the length of their terms would be reduced from 15 to 12 years.[2] Additionally, the term of the Supreme Court president would be shortened to two years and would rotate among the justices with the highest vote counts.[82]

Salaries

edit

A salary cap would be imposed on all judges, ensuring that no judge's salary exceeds that of the president. Retiring judges would receive three months' salary and 20 days' pay per year of service.[83]

Analyses of the provisions

edit

In May 2024, the Mexican Bar Association, Stanford Law School, and the Inter-American Dialogue stated that "judicial elections compromise the independence and impartiality of the judicial system".[75][76]

Margaret Satterthwaite, the United Nations special rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers, sent a communication to the Mexican government in July 2024 warning that the reform package, as presented on 5 February, "could undermine the independence of the Mexican judiciary". In her letter, she said she was particularly concerned by the context surrounding the reforms, in light of "reports of interference in judicial independence through verbal attacks against certain judges from the executive and legislative branches". She said the proposed changes could "increase the risk of judicial candidates trying to please voters or their campaign sponsors to increase their chances of re-election, instead of taking decisions based exclusively on judicial norms and standards", and went on to detail the potential impact that the proposed amendments would have for judicial independence and compliance with international human rights law.[84]

Human Rights Watch said the proposals would seriously undermine judicial independence and contravene international human rights standards on the right to a fair hearing, arguing that judges should have guaranteed tenure and be protected from political influence. In particular, HRW stressed that trials conducted by "faceless judges" were contrary to the right to a fair trial.[79]

The Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA) called the reform "a setback for human rights" due to the likelihood of a dominant political faction in the legislative and executive branches "capturing" the judicial system through its outsized role in candidate selection. It also warned of "a deepening of penal populism" and a weakening of due process.[85][86]

In a press release published on 12 September 2024, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), the autonomous human rights arm of the Organization of American States, expressed its "grave concern" about the judicial reform package. It noted the "hasty" nature of the process, which had hindered meaningful engagement with certain sectors, and that the proposals failed to take account of the threats posed by organized crime in various parts of the country and possible interference in future judicial elections by criminal elements. It also pointed out that "faceless" judges had been ruled incompatible with the American Convention on Human Rights, to which Mexico is a signatory. It called on Mexico to ensure that its judicial reforms were aligned with the American Convention and hemispheric standards governing judicial independence and access to justice and, in light of the ongoing protests and tensions surrounding the reform, for dialogue involving all stakeholders.[7]

Reactions

edit
Main article: 2024 Mexican judicial reform protests

Domestic

edit
 
Protest banner at the headquarters of the 16th Circuit in Guanajuato, Gto.

President-elect Claudia Sheinbaum defended López Obrador's proposal in a statement to the Financial Times.[87]

On 19 August 2024, federal judges voted to go on strike in response to the proposal.[9]

On 10 September 2024, the day the Senate was set to begin debating the reforms, protestors stormed the building and interrupted the session.[10][88]

International

edit

U.S. Ambassador to Mexico Ken Salazar called the judicial reform a risk to Mexico's democracy and a threat to the commercial relationship between Mexico and the U.S.[89] Due to the criticism of the judicial reform, President López Obrador paused diplomatic relations with U.S. and Canadian embassies on 27 August.[90]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ "Mexico's planned judicial reform is 'major risk' to democracy, says US ambassador". Reuters. 22 August 2024. Archived from the original on 6 September 2024. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
  2. ^ a b Staff, Forbes (11 September 2024). "Estas son cinco claves para entender la polémica reforma judicial de López Obrador y Sheinbaum". Forbes México (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d López, Alejandro I. (4 September 2024). "¿Qué dice la reforma judicial y cuál es el camino para su aprobación?". El País México (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 September 2024.
  4. ^ "Mexico becomes first country to approve popular election of judges". ABC News (Australia). 11 September 2024. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  5. ^ "Mexico's Senate passes judicial reform after protesters break into chamber". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  6. ^ Jiménez, Néstor; Olivares, Emir (10 September 2024). "Niega AMLO que se pretenda "dinamitar"; "limpiar de corrupción beneficiará a empresas"". La Jornada (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 September 2024. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
  7. ^ a b "IACHR expresses concerns over judiciary reform in Mexico and warns of threats to judicial independence, access to justice, and rule of law". Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR). Archived from the original on 13 September 2024. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
  8. ^ "México adopta la elección popular de jueces pese a las advertencias sobre el daño a la justicia". France 24. 10 September 2024. Archived from the original on 13 September 2024. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
  9. ^ a b Romero, Simon; Rodríguez Mega, Emiliano (19 August 2024). "Mexico's Judges Vote to Strike, Opposing Overhaul of Legal System". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 August 2024. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
  10. ^ a b "Protesters storm Mexican senate, forcing pause on judicial reform debate". CTVNews. 10 September 2024. Archived from the original on 10 September 2024. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
  11. ^ López-Castro, Fernanda (12 September 2024). "AMLO celebra que más de 17 Congresos estatales aprobaron la reforma al Poder Judicial: "Ya es legal"". Infobae. Archived from the original on 12 September 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  12. ^ a b García, Carina (12 September 2024). "Diputados alistan declaratoria de la Reforma Judicial". ADNPolítico (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  13. ^ "Mexico president signs contested judicial reforms into law". Yahoo! News. AFP. 15 September 2024. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  14. ^ a b "VIDEO: AMLO firma decreto de reforma al Poder Judicial junto a Claudia Sheinbaum, antes de dar el Grito de Independencia 2024". sdpnoticias (in Spanish). 16 September 2024. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  15. ^ a b Raziel, Zedryk (30 May 2023). "López Obrador acusa a los jueces de intentar un "golpe de Estado técnico" contra su Gobierno". El País México (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  16. ^ Vargas, Por Octavio (29 February 2024). "AMLO arremete contra ambientalista que denuncian perforación de cavernas del Tren Maya: "Lo agarran de negocio"". infobae (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 September 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  17. ^ Raziel, Zedryk; Breña, Carmen Morán (1 September 2023). "López Obrador arremete contra el Poder Judicial en su quinto informe de Gobierno: 'Tienen convivencias inconfesables'". El País México (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 September 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  18. ^ "Reforma al Poder Judicial 2024: AMLO envía iniciativa para elegir a jueces por voto popular". El Financiero (in Spanish). 6 February 2024. Archived from the original on 11 September 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  19. ^ López, Alejandro I. (6 February 2024). "Las 20 reformas constitucionales que propone López Obrador". El País México (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 March 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  20. ^ Luis, Emanuel Landeros / El Sol de San. "Claudia Sheinbaum quiere "carro completo" y pide votar por el Plan C". El Sol de México (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 September 2024. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
  21. ^ "Sheinbaum define seis reformas prioritarias para septiembre en reunión con legisladores electos". Animal Politico. 18 June 2024. Archived from the original on 13 September 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  22. ^ "Encuesta de Morena arroja que mayoría quiere reforma judicial y elección de ministros por voto popular, dice Sheinbaum". Animal Politico. 17 June 2024. Archived from the original on 11 September 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  23. ^ "Sheinbaum y legisladores de Morena acuerdan abrir diálogo nacional sobre la reforma al Poder Judicial". LatinUS (in Spanish). 11 June 2024. Archived from the original on 12 August 2024. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
  24. ^ Esquivel, Por Israel Aguilar (25 June 2024). "Este es el calendario y los temas de los Diálogos para la Reforma del Poder Judicial". infobae (in European Spanish). Retrieved 13 September 2024.
  25. ^ "Jueza mexicana ordena paralización de la reforma judicial – DW – 31/08/2024". dw.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 9 September 2024. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
  26. ^ México, Fernando Merino / El Sol de. "Dan primera lectura a Reforma Judicial en la Cámara de Diputados". El Sol de México (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 September 2024.
  27. ^ Cortés, Juan Carlos (5 September 2024). "Lilly Téllez: "a Noroña le dio pánico el pueblo"". www.proceso.com.mx (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 7 September 2024. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
  28. ^ "Debate de Reforma Judicial empezará a las 16:00 horas, esto debes saber". El Imparcial (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 9 September 2024. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
  29. ^ Janetsky, Megan (5 September 2024). "Diputados mexicanos aprueban reforma que exige que todos los jueces se postulen a elecciones". Los Angeles Times en Español (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 6 September 2024. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
  30. ^ Digital, Once (4 September 2024). "Reforma al Poder Judicial va al Senado con tres reservas". Once Noticias (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 September 2024. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
  31. ^ "Reforma judicial: Queda aprobada en lo general y en lo particular". El Universal (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 September 2024.
  32. ^ "Reforma judicial avanza en comisiones del Senado; pasa al pleno". El Universal (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 September 2024.
  33. ^ "Los 43 del Senado, el último muro contra la reforma". El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 9 September 2024. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
  34. ^ ""Alito" Moreno dice que senadores del PRI son amenazados por Reforma Judicial". RegeneraciónMX (in Spanish). 9 September 2024. Archived from the original on 10 September 2024. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
  35. ^ "Senador Daniel Barreda es víctima de presión y acoso por parte de Morena, insiste MC". El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 10 September 2024. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
  36. ^ "Reforma judicial: Fiscalías amenazan a los 43 senadores de oposición, denuncia Marko Cortés". El Universal (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 September 2024.
  37. ^ Campuzano, Jimena (10 September 2024). "MC denuncia detención del senador Daniel Barreda; Fernández Noroña dice que está libre". Excélsior (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 September 2024. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
  38. ^ Ramos, Rolando (10 September 2024). "Senado concede licencia a Miguel Ángel Yunes Márquez; Morena da la bienvenida a su suplente". El Economista. Archived from the original on 11 September 2024. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
  39. ^ "'Lo lograron, Morena': Miguel Ángel Yunes pide licencia en el Senado, ¿cuál es la razón?". El Financiero (in Spanish). 10 September 2024. Archived from the original on 10 September 2024. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
  40. ^ "Votación de la reforma al Poder Judicial: Manifestantes 'toman' el Pleno del Senado y suspenden la sesión". El Financiero (in Spanish). 10 September 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  41. ^ "Noroña convoca a sede alterna del Senado en Xicoténcatl; policías de CDMX resguardan inmueble". Semanario ZETA (in Spanish). 11 September 2024. Archived from the original on 11 September 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  42. ^ "Senador Yunes Márquez respalda la reforma judicial". Forbes México. 10 September 2024. Archived from the original on 11 September 2024. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
  43. ^ "Senadores de Oposición Suben a la Tribuna para Protestar por Reforma Judicial, en Xicoténcatl". N+ (in Spanish). 11 September 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  44. ^ Cortés, Juan Carlos (11 September 2024). "Sin cambiarle una coma, la 4T en el Senado aprueba en lo particular la reforma judicial". Proceso. Archived from the original on 11 September 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  45. ^ Staff, Forbes (11 September 2024). "Senado aprueba en lo general y particular la reforma judicial de AMLO; pasa a congresos estatales". Forbes México (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 12 September 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  46. ^ "Controversial judicial reform passes Mexican Senate after protesters break into chamber". CNN. 11 September 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  47. ^ a b Turrubiartes, Jennifer (11 September 2024). "Oaxaca y Tamaulipas, primeros estados del país en avalar la Reforma al Poder Judicial". UnoTV (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 September 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  48. ^ "Avanza reforma al Poder Judicial: 13 estados ya la aprobaron y uno la rechazó". Infobae. 12 September 2024. Archived from the original on 12 September 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  49. ^ a b Jiménez, Gualita (11 September 2024). "Rechazan en Comisión legislativa queretana dictamen de Reforma al Poder Judicial". Plaza de Armas | Querétaro (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  50. ^ a b "La reforma judicial es rechazada por el Congreso de Jalisco". El Informador :: Noticias de Jalisco, México, Deportes & Entretenimiento (in Mexican Spanish). 13 September 2024. Archived from the original on 13 September 2024. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
  51. ^ Tepal, Jesús. "El aval de 17 estados, el último eslabón de las reformas constitucionales". imagenpoblana.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  52. ^ Staff, Forbes (14 September 2024). "Congreso declara constitucional la reforma judicial". Forbes México (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 14 September 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
  53. ^ "Cámara de Diputados declara la constitucionalidad de la reforma judicial; pasa al Ejecutivo para su publicación en el DOF". LatinUS (in Spanish). 13 September 2024. Archived from the original on 14 September 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
  54. ^ "Con mayoría de votos Tabasco aprueba la reforma judicial". El Heraldo de Tabasco (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 September 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  55. ^ "En "fast track", Congreso del estado aprueba reforma al Poder Judicial de AMLO". La Opinión de Quintana Roo (in Spanish). 11 September 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  56. ^ Huerta, Verónica (11 September 2024). "Congreso de Veracruz ratifica Reforma Judicial y trabajadores bloquean vialidades". AVC Noticias (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 September 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  57. ^ Flores Ramos, Alan Rubén (11 September 2024). "Baja California Sur quinto estado en aprobar Reforma Judicial". Diario Humano (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 12 September 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  58. ^ Benítez, Crys. "Nayarit aprobó con 24 votos a favor y 6 en contra la reforma al Poder Judicial". El Occidental (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 12 September 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  59. ^ Ibal, Elizabeth. "Colima avala la reforma al Poder Judicial". El Occidental (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 12 September 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  60. ^ Cervantes, Edwin Farfán (11 September 2024). "Aprueban Reforma al Poder Judicial de la Federación en Yucatán". Por Esto! (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  61. ^ Arellano, Jessica. "Congreso de Morelos aprueba la Reforma al Poder Judicial con amplia mayoría". El Sol de Cuernavaca (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  62. ^ a b León, Raymundo (11 September 2024). "Aprueban Congresos de Baja California y Durango reforma judicial". La Jornada (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  63. ^ Cruz Pérez, Juan Luis (12 September 2024). "Aprueba Congreso de Tlaxcala la minuta de reforma constitucional al Poder Judicial de la Federación – Tlaxcala". La Jornada de Oriente (in European Spanish). Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  64. ^ García, Edwin (9 November 2024). "Congreso de Puebla aprueba reforma al Poder Judicial". Telediario México (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 12 September 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  65. ^ "CAMPECHE SE CONVIERTE EN EL ESTADO 14 EN APROBAR LA REFORMA AL PODER JUDICIAL". Tribuna Campeche (in Spanish). 12 September 2024. Archived from the original on 12 September 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  66. ^ "Diputados de Sinaloa aprueban Reforma Judicial". Meganoticias (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 12 September 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  67. ^ Meganoticias. "Con 33 votos a favor aprueban reforma judicial en Guerrero". MEGANOTICIAS (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 12 September 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  68. ^ "Reforma judicial: en super fast track congresos locales consuman el "regalo" para AMLO". Proceso. 12 September 2024. Archived from the original on 12 September 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  69. ^ "Congresos de Zacatecas y Tamaulipas avalan reforma judicial; suman 18 estados". La Jornada. 12 September 2024. Archived from the original on 12 September 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  70. ^ "Congreso de la CDMX aprueba la reforma al Poder Judicial". El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 12 September 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  71. ^ "Congreso del Estado de México avala Reforma Judicial". El Universal (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  72. ^ Sourtech. "Congreso de Sonora aprueba dictamen de reforma al PJ – Uniradio Informa". www.uniradiosonora.com (in Mexican Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 September 2024. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
  73. ^ Montoya, Ricardo (13 September 2024). "Congreso de Hidalgo "madruga" a manifestantes y avala reforma al PJ". La Jornada (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 September 2024.
  74. ^ "Con el voto de dos priistas, el Congreso local avala minuta de reforma judicial". Pulso Diario San Luis (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 13 September 2024.
  75. ^ a b Butler, Kelsey (2 May 2024). "AMLO's Plan to Elect Judges Undermines Democracy, Groups Say". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 27 August 2024. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
  76. ^ a b Butler, Kelsey (2 May 2024). "AMLO's Plan to Elect Judges Undermines Democracy, Groups Say". Bloomberg via Yahoo!. Archived from the original on 13 September 2024. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
  77. ^ a b Trejo, Roberto (4 September 2024). "¿Cuáles serán los requisitos para ser juez con la reforma judicial?". Reporte Indigo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 9 September 2024. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
  78. ^ "La Cámara de Diputados emite declaratoria de constitucionalidad en materia de reforma al Poder Judicial". Comunicación Social. Cámara de Diputados. 13 September 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
  79. ^ a b "Mexico: Proposed Constitutional Changes Threaten Rights". Human Rights Watch. 30 August 2024. Archived from the original on 11 September 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  80. ^ Raziel, Zedryk (27 August 2024). "Los 'jueces sin rostro': la nueva polémica en torno a la reforma judicial de López Obrador". El País. Archived from the original on 14 September 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
  81. ^ "El paso a pasito de la reforma judicial, parte 2 de 3: El Tribunal de Disciplina Judicial, un nuevo árbitro para los jueces". El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 12 September 2024. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
  82. ^ "Reforma judicial en México: ¿en qué consiste el proyecto de ley que divide al país?". France 24. 8 September 2024. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
  83. ^ García, Yared de la Rosa y Carina (4 September 2024). "Ya se aprobó la Reforma Judicial en Diputados, pero con cambios para jueces y magistrados". ADNPolítico (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 9 September 2024. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
  84. ^ Satterthwaite, Margaret (29 July 2024). "Comunicación OL MEX 11/2024, Relatora Especial sobre la independencia de los magistrados y abogados". Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
  85. ^ Brewer, Stephanie (20 August 2024). "Judicial Reform in Mexico: A Setback for Human Rights". WOLA. Archived from the original on 10 September 2024. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
  86. ^ Brewer, Stephanie (20 August 2024). "Reforma judicial en México: un retroceso para los derechos humanos". WOLA (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 7 September 2024. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
  87. ^ Stott, Michael; Murray, Christine (8 May 2024). "Mexico's presidential frontrunner defends sweeping legal reforms". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 27 August 2024. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
  88. ^ "Protests in Mexico as controversial judicial reform passed". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
  89. ^ Janetsky, Megan (22 August 2024). "US ambassador to Mexico calls proposed judicial overhaul a democracy 'risk' and economic threat". AP News. Archived from the original on 7 September 2024. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
  90. ^ Romero, Simon; Rodríguez Mega, Emiliano (27 August 2024). "Mexico Pauses Relations With U.S. Embassy Amid Clash Over Judicial Overhaul". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 September 2024. Retrieved 27 August 2024.

Further reading

edit
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Mexican_judicial_reform&oldid=1254723359"