The 26 Baku Commissars were Bolshevik and Left Socialist Revolutionary (SR) members of the Baku Commune. The commune was established in the city of Baku, which was then the capital of the briefly independent Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, and is now the capital of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The commune, led by Stepan Shahumyan, existed until 26 July 1918 when the Bolsheviks were forced out of power by a coalition of Dashnaks, Right SRs and Mensheviks.
| Baku Commune | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1918 | |||||||||||
 Flag | |||||||||||
| Capital | Baku | ||||||||||
| • Type | Commune | ||||||||||
| Historical era | World War I | ||||||||||
| 13 April 1918 | |||||||||||
• July 26 Baku Coup d'état | 26 July 1918 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Today part of | Azerbaijan | ||||||||||
After their overthrow, the Baku commissars attempted to leave Baku but were captured by the Centrocaspian Dictatorship and imprisoned. On 14 September 1918, during the fall of Baku to Ottoman forces, Red Army soldiers broke into their prison and freed the commissars; they then boarded a ship to Krasnovodsk, where they were promptly arrested by local authorities and, on the night of 20 September, executed by a firing squad between the stations of Pereval and Akhcha-Kuyma on the Transcaspian Railway by soldiers of the Ashkhabad Committee. They were executed for essentially letting the Islamic Army of the Caucasus seize Baku.[1]
Baku Commune
editThe Baku Commune lasted from 13 April to 25 July 1918. It came to power after the bloody confrontation with the Muslim population, known as the March Days in Baku. During its brief existence, the Commune had to face several problems: from the shortage of food and supplies to the threat of a strong Ottoman Empire Army which wanted to attack Baku. Despite the difficult conditions, the Commune carried out several social reforms, such as the nationalization of the oil industry.[citation needed] This is how the writer Victor Serge described the situation in May, June and July and the state of the small Red Army of Baku:[2]
In May, June and July the inhabitants could be given only minute rations of nuts and sunflower seed; the small quantities of corn that the Soviet managed to bring in by sea were reserved for the troops. Attempts at requisitioning were made by the small Red Army of Baku, a poorly disciplined, poorly managed body composed largely of Armenians who were alien to the revolutionary spirit of the proletariat. These drank in excess and plundered the Moslem peasants, causing disaffection among them.
On April 25, 1918, at a meeting of the Baku Council, the Baku Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom) was formed, consisting of Bolsheviks and Left Social Revolutionaries. The Bolsheviks entered the Baku Council of People's Commissars: Stepan Shaumyan (Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars and People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs), Prokopius Dzhaparidze (People's Commissar for Internal Affairs), Yakov Zevin (People's Commissar of Labor), Meshadi Azizbekov (provincial Commissar), Grigory Korganov (People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs), Nariman Narimanov (People's Commissar of Municipal Economy), Ivan Fioletov (People's Commissar of the National Economy), A.B. Karinyan (People's Commissar of Justice), N N. Kolesnikova (People's Commissar of Education); and the left SRs: Mir Hasan Vezirov (People's Commissar of Agriculture), I. Sukhartsev (People's Commissar of Railways, Sea Transport, Posts and Telegraphs). And the Chairman of the Cheka for Combating Counterrevolution under the Baksovnarkom became the Bolshevik Sahak Ter-Gabrielyan.[3]
On 5 June 1918 the Baku Red Army repulsed an assault by overwhelming Ottoman troops, but later it launched an unsuccessful assault on Ganja, the headquarters of the Ottoman Army of Islam, and was obliged to retreat to Baku.[4] At this point, Dashnaks, Right SRs and Mensheviks started to negotiate with General Dunsterville, the commander of the British troops in Persia, inviting his troops to Baku in order to defend the city from an imminent Ottoman attack. The Bolsheviks and their leftist allies opposed this scheme, but on 25 July the majority of the Soviet voted to call in the British, and the Bolsheviks resigned. The Baku Commune was imprisoned for participation in unlawful military formations and militarized robbery, particularly for the March Days atrocities and was replaced by the Central-Caspian Dictatorship.
In contrast to what happened in many parts of Russia, where the Bolsheviks earned a reputation for ruthlessness executing those who did not support them, the Bolsheviks of Baku were not so strict. The Cheka in Baku executed only two persons, both members of the Soviet caught in embezzling public funds: the Commissar for Finance, Aleksandr Kireev, and the commissar of the steamship Meve, Sergei Pokrovskii.[2][4]
The executions
edit
After the fall of the Baku Soviet in July 1918, the Bolshevik leaders and some loyal troops tried to reach Astrakhan, the only Caspian port still in Bolshevik hands. However, their ship was intercepted by the military vessels of the Caspian fleet and after undergoing an hour's bombardment in mid-sea they surrendered and returned to Baku. Most of the Bolshevik militants were arrested and remained in prison until, after the fall of Baku to the Turks, a commando unit led by Anastas Mikoyan freed them from their prison.
Shahumyan, Dzhaparidze, Azizbekov, and their comrades, along with Mikoyan, then boarded the ship Turkmen, intending to reach Astrakhan by sea. According to recent historians, the sailors chose instead to sail to Krasnovodsk for fear of being arrested in Astrakhan. At Krasnovodsk the commissars were arrested by the town's commandant who requested further orders from the "Ashkhabad Committee", led by the Socialist Revolutionary Fyodor Funtikov, about what should be done with them. Three days later, British Major-General Wilfrid Malleson, on hearing of their arrest, contacted Britain's liaison-officer in Ashkhabad, Captain Reginald Teague-Jones, to suggest that the commissars be handed over to British forces to be used as hostages in exchange for British citizens held by the Soviets. That same day, Teague-Jones attended the committee's meeting in Ashkabad which had the task of deciding the fate of the Commissars. For some reason, Teague-Jones did not communicate Malleson's request to the committee, and claimed he left before a decision was made.[5] He further claimed that the next day he discovered the committee had eventually decided to issue orders that the commissars should be executed. According to historian Richard H. Ullman, Teague-Jones could have stopped the executions if he wanted since the Ashkabad Committee was dependent on British support and could not refuse a request from its powerful ally, but he decided not to do so.[6]
On the night of 20 September, three days after being arrested, twenty-six of the commissars were executed by a firing squad between the stations of Pereval and Akhcha-Kuyma on the Trans-Caspian railway. How Anastas Mikoyan, who was part of the group, managed to survive is still uncertain, as is the reason why his life was spared. In 1922, V. Chaikin, a Socialist Revolutionary journalist, published a description of the moments before the execution.[7]
At around 6 A.M. [relates a witness], the twenty-six commissars were told of the fate awaiting them while they were in the train. They were taken out in groups of eight or nine men. They were obviously shocked, and kept a tense silence. One sailor shouted: "I'm not afraid, I'm dying for liberty." One of the executioners replied that "We too will die for liberty sooner or later, but we mean it in a different way from you." The first group of commissars, led from the train in the semi-darkness, was dispatched with a single salvo. The second batch tried to run away but was mown down after several volleys. The third resigned itself to its fate ...
Impact
edit
Soviet officials later blamed the executions on British agents acting in the Baku area at the time.[8][9][10] When Soviet rule was established in the whole Caspian area, Funtikov, the head of the Ashkhabad 'Directorate' responsible for the executions, was imprisoned. Funtikov put all blame for the executions onto Britain, and in particular Teague-Jones who, he claimed, had ordered him to have the commissars shot. Funtikov was tried and shot in Baku in 1926. Britain denied involvement in the incident, saying it was done by local officials without any knowledge of the British.
This accusation caused a further souring of relations between Britain and the fledgling Soviet government and helped lead to the confrontational attitude of both sides in the coming years.
According to Soviet historiography, two British officers on board the commissars' ship ordered it to sail to Krasnovodsk instead of Astrakhan, where they found a government led by SRs and British officers who immediately ordered the arrest of the commissars. The Soviets would later immortalize the death of the 26 commissars through, among other things, movies,[citation needed] artwork,[11] stamps,[12] and public works including the 26 Commissars Memorial in Baku. In Isaak Brodsky's famous painting, British officers are depicted as being present at the executions.[13]
Soviet investigations
editBoris Vladimirovich Sennikov published a book in 2004 about his findings on the Tambov Rebellion where he mentioned several facts about the event.[14]
Sennikov claims that the famous Brodsky's painting is an invention of the Soviet historiography. The truth was established by the special commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) that arrived from Moscow. The commission was headed by Vadim Chaikin (PSR). The commission also consisted of a big group of a high-ranking Moscow's Cheka officers headed by Yakov Peters, an international criminal associated with the Siege of Sidney Street. Sennikov also brings up a quote of Chaikin in the article of Suren Gazaryan "That should not be repeated" in the Leningrad magazine "Zvezda": "The painting of Brodsky Execution of the 26 Baku Commissars is historically false. They were not shot, but rather decapitated. And the executioner of the penalty was a single man - a Turkmen, a gigantic strength bogatyr. That Turkmen by himself with his own hands using a shashka beheaded all of them."[15] The pit with remains of the commissars and their heads was uncovered under the surveillance of the VTsIK special commission and representatives of Cheka. The report on the death of Baku commissars was sent by the commission to VTsIK, Sovnarkom, and the Central Committee of RKP(b).
In 1922 Vadim Chaikin published his book To the history of the Russian Revolution through the Grazhbin Publishing (Moscow) commemorating the first part "Execution of 26 Baku Commissars" to the event. After serving time in the Oryol Prison Chaikin on 11 September 1941 he was executed by a firing squad along with 156 other Oryol prison inmates during the Medvedev Forest massacre.
The Commissars
edit_26_Baku_commissars.jpg)
The 26 "Baku Commissars" were not all commissars and were not all Bolsheviks; some of them were Left SRs and Dashnaks. There were many ethnicities among them: Greek, Latvian, Jewish, Russian, Georgian, Armenian and Azerbaijani.
The 26 "commissars" were:[16]
- Stepan Shaumian – Chairman of the Baku Council of the People's Commissars, Commissar Extraordinary for the Caucasus
- Meshadi Azizbekov – Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs, gubernial commissar for Baku
- Prokopius Dzhaparidze – Chairman of the executive committee of the Baku Soviet
- Ivan Fioletov – Chairman of the Soviet of National Economy
- Mir-Hasan Vazirov – People's Commissar for Agriculture
- Grigory Korganov – People's Commissar for Military and Navy Affairs
- Yakov Zevin – People's Commissar for Labor
- Grigory Petrov – Military Commissar of the Baku region from the Sovnarkom of the Russian SFSR
- Ivan Malygin – Deputy Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Committee of the Caucasian Army
- Arsen Amiryan – Chief Editor of Baku Worker newspaper
- Meyer Velkovich Basin – Member of the Military Revolutionary Committee
- Suren Osepyan – Chief Editor of Izvestia of the Baku Council newspaper
- Eizhen Berg – Sailor
- Vladimir Polukhin – Collegiate Commissar for Military and Navy Affairs of the Russian SFSR
- Fyodor Solntsev – Commissar of the military instruction school
- Armenak Boriyan – Journalist
- Ivan Gabyshev – Political commissar of a brigade
- Mark Koganov – Member of the Military Revolutionary Committee
- Bagdasar Avakyan – Military Commandant of Baku
- Irakly Metaksa – Shahumyan's bodyguard
- Ivan Nikolayshvili – Dzhaparidze's bodyguard
- Aram Kostandyan – Deputy People's Commissar for Agriculture
- Solomon Bogdanov – Member of the Military Revolutionary Committee
- Anatoly Bogdanov – Clerk
- Isay Mishne – Secretary of the Military Revolutionary Committee
- Tatevos Amirov – Commander of a cavalry unit, member of Dashnaktsutiun[17]
Demolition of the 26 Commissars Memorial and reburial
edit
In January 2009, the Baku authorities began the demolition of the city's 26 Commissars Memorial.[18] This was the latest monument of several that had been built to commemorate the Commissars erected in that park during the Soviet period. This last monument itself had been fenced-off since July 2008.[18] The remains of the commissars were reburied at Hovsan Cemetery on 26 January 2009, with participation of Muslim, Jewish and Christian clergy, who conducted religious ceremonies.[19]
The dismantling was opposed by some local left-wingers and by the Azerbaijan Communist Party in particular.[18] It also upset Armenia as the Armenian public believed that the demolition and reburial was motivated by the reluctance of the Azerbaijanis, after the Nagorno-Karabakh War to have ethnic Armenians buried in the center of their capital.[20] Another scandal happened when Azerbaijani press reports claimed that during the exhumation only 21 bodies were discovered and that "Shahumyan and four other Armenian commissars managed to escape their murderers".[20][21][22][23] This report was questioned by Shahumyan's granddaughter Tatyana, now living in Moscow, who told the Russian daily Kommersant that:
It is impossible to believe that they weren't all buried. There is a film in the archives of 26 bodies being buried. Apart from this, my grandmother was present at the reburial.[20]
Almost all monuments in Azerbaijan dedicated to the commissars including Shahumyan, Azizbekov, Dzhaparidze and Fioletov, have been demolished. Most streets named after the commissars have been renamed.
In popular culture
editRussian prominent poet Sergei Yesenin wrote "Ballad of the Twenty-six" to commemorate the Baku Commissars, poem first published in The Baku Worker, 22 September 1925.[24]
Russian band WOMBA named one of its albums The 27th Baku Commissar.[citation needed]
Italian prominent writer Tiziano Terzani wrote about the Baku Commissars in his book Buonanotte, signor Lenin (Goodnight, Mr Lenin: A Journey Through the End of the Soviet Empire, 1992).[citation needed]
A street in southwest-central Moscow is named after the 26 Baku Commisars Ulitsa 26 Bakinskikh Komissarov.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Авторский коллектив. Гражданская война в России: энциклопедия катастрофы / Составитель и ответственный редактор: Д. М. Володихин, научный редактор С. В. Волков. — 1-е. — М.: Сибирский цирюльник, 2010. — 400 с. — ISBN 978-5-903888-14-6.
- ^ a b "Victor Serge: Year One of the Russian Revolution (6. The Truce and the Great Retrenchment)". www.marxists.org.
- ^ Civil war and military intervention in the USSR: an encyclopedia. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1983 .-- P. 49.
- ^ a b Symes, Peter. "The Note Issues of Azerbaijan". www.pjsymes.com.au. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
- ^ C. Dobson & J. Miller The Day We Almost Bombed Moscow Hodder and Stoughton, 1986. p94-95.
- ^ Richard H. Ullman Anglo-Soviet Relations 1917-21. Vol. I. Intervention and the War Princeton, N.J., 1961 p. 324.
- ^ On the History of the Russian Revolution (K Istorii Rossi skoi Revoliutsii) (Moscow, 1922)
- ^ Reginald Teague-Jones, The Spy Who Disappeared: Diary of a Secret Mission to Russian and Central Asia in 1918 Gollancz, 1990.
- ^ J.V. Stalin. "The Shooting of the Twenty-Six Baku Comrades". marxists.org.
- ^ File Not Found at www.marxists.org
- ^ "armymuseum.ru". Archived from the original on 16 August 2006.
- ^ [1] at home.nestor.minsk.by
- ^ C. Dobson & J. Miller The Day We Almost Bombed Moscow Hodder and Stoughton, 1986. p96
- ^ Sennikov, B. Tambov rebellion of 1918-1921 and de-peasant-ation of Russia 1929-1933 (Tambovskoe vosstanie 1918-1921 gg. i raskrest'janivanie Rossii 1929-1933 gg.). "Posev". Moskva, 2004. (Library of Russian Studies. #9)
- ^ Gazaryan, S. That should not be repeated. "Zvezda". Leningrad, 1989.
- ^ Peter Hopkirk, Like Hidden Fire Kodansha, 1995.
- ^ ""Российский исторический журнал". Расстрел бакинских комиссаров: 80 лет спустя".
- ^ a b c Фаик Меджид. В Азербайджане против демонтажа мемориала 26 Бакинских комиссаров протестуют только левые (in Russian). kavkaz-uzel.ru. Retrieved 17 January 2009.
- ^ Мурсал Алиев. Продолжается демонтаж мемориала 26 Бакинских комиссаров в Баку (in Russian). 1news.az. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2009.
- ^ a b c Zeinalov, Magerram; Vardanian, Gegham (2009). "Azerbaijan: Outcry at Commissars' Reburial". Institute for War and Peace Reporting.
- ^ "Remains of Baku commissars uncovered in centre of Azerbaijani capital re-buried". ABC.AZ. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011.
- ^ "Во время раскопок могилы 26 бакинских комиссаров в Баку не были обнаружены останки трех человек - ОБНОВЛЕНО". Day.Az. 26 January 2009.
- ^ "Ъ-Газета - Бакинцы недосчитались комиссаров". kommersant.ru. 27 January 2009.
- ^ Peter Hopkirk, On Secret Service East of Constantinople: The Plot to Bring Down the British Empire, Oxford University Press, 1994, ISBN 9780192802309.
Further reading
edit- Minassian, Taline Ter (2014). "Some fresh news about the 26 commissars: Reginald Teague-Jones and the Transcaspian episode". Asian Affairs. 45 (1): 65–78. doi:10.1080/03068374.2013.872360. S2CID 159979990.
External links
edit
Nine Photos of past monuments dedicated to the 26 Baku Commissars, plus photo of the funeral. Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2–4 (2011), pp. 167–169.