The 27th Battalion (City of Winnipeg), CEF was an infantry battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. The battalion was authorized on 7 November 1914 and embarked for Great Britain on 17 May 1915. It disembarked in France on 18 September 1915, where it fought as part of the 6th Infantry Brigade, 2nd Canadian Division in France and Flanders until the end of the war. The battalion was disbanded on 15 September 1920.[1]
| 27th Battalion | |
|---|---|
| Active | 1915–18 |
| Country | Canada |
| Branch | Canadian Expeditionary Force |
| Type | Infantry |
| Part of | 6th Brigade, 2nd Division |
| Garrison/HQ | Winnipeg |
| Engagements | First World War |
| Battle honours |
|
| Insignia | |
| Identification symbol |  |
The 27th Battalion recruited in Brandon, Portage la Prairie and Winnipeg, Manitoba and Kenora and Rainy River, Ontario and was mobilized at Winnipeg.[2]
History
editThe 27th City of Winnipeg Battalion was the first independent battalion to be raised in Manitoba in the First World War. Officially it was not given a name and fell among the many nameless Canadian battalions raised to conform with the new numbering system introduced by Col. Sam Hughes, Canada's Minister of Militia and Defence in 1914.[3]
The battalion was raised as part of a response to the demand for fresh reinforcements early in 1915, as Canada struggled overseas with its single division. It became part of the 2nd Division, 6th Infantry Brigade along with its sister 28th Battalion, 29th, and 31st Calgary Battalions.[4] A common private of the 27th Battalion during the First World War could expect to earn between $1.00 and $1.10 a day, or around $30 a month.[5]
The 27th Battalion, with the 2nd Division, arrived in France in September, 1915, and met up with the 1st Division by mid-month. Together these two divisions formed the Canadian Corps and were led by General Alderson.[6] The Canadian Corps, including the 27th, would not participate in any major offensive for almost a full year, when the battalion would receive its "baptism of fire" at the Battle of St. Eloi, 5 kilometres from Ypres.[citation needed]
It was reported the officers of the 27th had not slept for over 100 hours, this was most apparent with the commander, Irvine R. Snider, a veteran of the North-West Rebellion of 1885 and the South African War, of the 27th Battalion who, during the Battle of St. Eloi, stayed awake for six straight days trying to relieve the strain "on his beloved boys". After the battle he broke down and cried, he was removed from command "being diagnosed with shell shock".[7][8] The Battle of St. Eloi had claimed 40 of his men's lives and wounded another 189.[9]
The Somme Valley became the new objective of the Canadian Corps. When the Canadians arrived in the Somme Valley the British had been fighting for 3 months and they had traded 250,000 men for 8 kilometres of German trenches.[10] On the opening day of the Somme offensive alone, July 1, 1916, around 20,000 British, Canadian and Commonwealth soldiers died and another 40,000 were wounded; it was the single heaviest day of casualties in history.[citation needed]
One of the most notable battles of Somme the 27th Battalion participated in was the Battle of Courcelette on September 15, 1916. This battle marked the first time tanks were used in warfare. However, all six tanks that used that day were knocked out; they were incredibly unreliable.[11] The Canadians suffered around 7,000 casualties during the battle which lasted until the 22nd of September. Despite all this the Canadians, more specifically the 27th, were successful as they were at the Battle of Thiepval Ridge, September 26, 1916; in fact the Canadians did not lose a single battle in the First World War.[citation needed]
Battalions wanted to ensure they received the glory and credit for their captures. One way of doing this was marking the prisoners with the battalion's insignia or the unit's designation. For example, at the Battle of Courcelette some of the men of the 27th brought green paint forward and marked the 250 prisoners they took with a rectangle and a circle above it as they sent back to the rear.[12]
According to historian Tim Cook, the Germans ranked the Canadian 1st and 2nd Divisions among the top eight deadliest and dangerous divisions.[13] The 2nd Division came overseas following the 1st Division and consequently had big expectations riding on them. At the Second Battle of Ypres in the spring of 1915, only arriving on the battlefield a week before with little experience in warfare, the 1st Canadian Division was the only division that held its ground against the German's gas attack. Neither the British nor the French could hold their ground and had to fall back. It was largely due to the stubbornness of the Canadians that the Allies were able to repulse the attack.[14]
27th Battalion (City of Winnipeg), CEF, is perpetuated by The Royal Winnipeg Rifles and The Manitoba Regiment.[1] The Manitoba Regiment was disbanded in 1936.[15]
Commanding officers
editThe 27th Battalion had three commanding officers during the war:[2]
- Lieutenant-Colonel Irvine R. Snider, 17 May 1915 – 15 April 1916
- Lieutenant-Colonel Patrick J. Daley, CMG, DSO, 15 April 1916 – 4 April 1918
- Lieutenant-Colonel H.J. Riley, DSO, 4 April 1918 – Demobilization
Victoria Crosses
editTwo members of the 27th Battalion were awarded the Victoria Cross. Lt. Robert Grierson Combe was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions near Acheville, France on 3 May 1917. Pte. James Peter Robertson was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions at Passchendaele on 6 November 1917.[2]
Battle honours
editThe 27th Battalion was awarded the following battle honours:[2]
See also
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ a b Canadian Forces Publication, A-DH-267-003: Insignia and Lineages of the Canadian Forces. Volume 3: Combat Arms Regiments.
- ^ a b c d Meek, John F. Over the Top! The Canadian Infantry in the First World War. Orangeville, Ont.: The Author, 1971. ISBN 0906158109
- ^ Bruce Tascona, Little Black Devils: A History of the Royal Winnipeg Rifles ed. Eric Wells. (Winnipeg: Frye Publishing, 1983), p. 217
- ^ Tim Cook, At the Sharp End: Canadians Fighting the Great War 1914–1916, Vol.1, (Toronto: Penguin Group, 2007), p. 304
- ^ Library and Archives of Canada, War File of Pte. Joseph Chevalier, (Ottawa: Government Archives of First World War)
- ^ Cook, At the Sharp End, p.305
- ^ Cook, At the Sharp End, p.340
- ^ Barrett, Matthew K. (2014-11-10). "The Shell Shocked". World War Graphic History. Retrieved 2022-07-10.
- ^ Cook, At the Sharp End, p.328
- ^ Cook, At the Sharp End, p.447
- ^ Cook, At the Sharp End, p.455
- ^ Tim Cook, Shock Troops: Canadians Fighting the Great War 1917–1918, Vol. 2, (Toronto: Penguin Group, 2007), p. 112
- ^ Cook, Shock Troops, p.145
- ^ Kelly Devries, Martin J. Dougherty, Christer Jorgensen, Chris Mann, Chris McNab, Battles that Changed Warfare: 1457 BC to 1991 AD: From Chariot Warfare to Stealth Bombers, (London: Amber Books ltd, 2008), pp. 174–176
- ^ "Guide to Sources Relating to the Canadian Militia (Infantry, Cavalry, Armored)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-02.
Sources
edit- Nicholson, G.W.L. (1962). Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919. Ottawa, Ontario: Queen's Printer.