Ingraham v. Wright, 430 U.S. 651 (1977), was a United States Supreme Court case that upheld the disciplinary corporal punishment policy of Florida's public schools by a 5-4 vote. The Court also held that the Eighth Amendment did not apply to corporal punishment, and that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment did require notice or a hearing prior to the imposition of such punishment.[1][2][3]
| Ingraham v. Wright | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Argued November 2–3, 1976 Decided April 19, 1977 | |
| Full case name | Ingraham, et al., v. Wright, et al. |
| Citations | 430 U.S. 651 (more) 97 S. Ct. 1401; 51 L. Ed. 2d 711 |
| Argument | Oral argument |
| Reargument | Reargument |
| Opinion announcement | Opinion announcement |
| Holding | |
| The cruel and unusual punishment clause of the Eighth Amendment did not apply to corporal punishment as a disciplinary practice in public schools, and the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment did not require notice or a hearing prior to imposition of such punishment, as the state's laws authorized the practice and allowed common law constraints and remedies. The primary purpose of the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause has always been considered, and properly so, to be directed at the method or kind of punishment imposed for the violation of criminal statutes. When public school teachers or administrators impose disciplinary corporal punishment, the Eight Amendment is inapplicable (lexisnexis) | |
| Court membership | |
| |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Powell, joined by Burger, Stewart, Blackmun, Rehnquist |
| Dissent | White, joined by Brennan, Marshall, Stevens |
| Dissent | Stevens |
| Laws applied | |
| U.S. Const. amends. VIII, XIV | |
Background
editJames Ingraham was a 14-year-old eighth grade student at Charles R. Drew Junior High School[4] in 1970. On October 6, 1970, Ingraham was accused of failing to promptly leave the stage of the school auditorium when asked to do so by a teacher.[5] He was then taken to the school principal's office, where he stated that he was not guilty of the accusation against him. Willie J. Wright, Jr., the principal, ordered Ingraham to bend over so that Wright could spank Ingraham with a spanking paddle. When Ingraham declined to bend over and allow himself to be paddled, he was forcibly placed face-down on the top of a table. Lemmie Deliford, the assistant principal, held Ingraham's arms and Solomon Barnes, an assistant to the principal, held Ingraham's legs. While Ingraham was being restrained, Wright used a spanking paddle to hit Ingraham more than 20 times.
The paddling was so severe that he suffered a hematoma requiring medical attention. Physicians instructed Ingraham to rest at home for a total of eleven days.[6] He and his parents sued the school, calling it "cruel and unusual punishment" and loss of liberty, but lost the initial trial. The Florida state court held that Florida tort laws provided sufficient remedies to satisfy Ingraham's due process loss of liberty claims. The court also held that the U.S. Constitution's prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment does not apply to the corporal punishment of children in public schools, and that the constitution's due process clause does not require notice and a hearing prior to the imposition of corporal punishment in public schools.
Opinion of the Court
editThe Supreme Court declined to consider the plaintiffs' substantive due process claims in Ingraham v. Wright. Lower courts have adopted a variety of approaches to the substantive due process issue, none of which offer much protection for students who are subjected to corporal punishment at school. The Supreme Court has repeatedly denied certiorari (judicial review) on the issue of whether school corporal punishment constitutes a substantive due process constitutional violation.[7]
As of 1994, Lemmie Deliford, one of the administrators involved, was still a proponent of corporal punishment in schools.[8]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Ingraham v. Wright". Oyez. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
- ^ "Ingraham v. Wright, 430 U.S. 651 (1977)". Justia Law. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
- ^ Rosenberg, Irene Merker (1978). "Ingraham v. Wright: The Supreme Court's Whipping Boy". Columbia Law Review. 78 (1): 75–110. doi:10.2307/1121951. ISSN 0010-1958. JSTOR 1121951.
- ^ Charles R. Drew Junior High School is today known as Charles R. Drew Middle School.
- ^ Virginia Lee (1979). "A Legal Analysis of Ingraham v. Wright". In Corporal Punishment in American Education: Readings in History, Practice, and Alternatives. Irwin A. Hyman and James H. Wise, editors. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Temple University Press. Page 173.
- ^ United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit; 498 F.2d 248, paragraph 29, July 29, 1974.
- ^ Deana Pollard Sacks (2009). "State Actors Beating Children: A Call For Judicial Relief." University of California Davis Law Review, Archived 2011-05-02 at the Wayback Machine 42, pp. 1165—1229.
- ^ "Miami-Dade educator Lemmie Deliford Sr. dies at 83". Miami Herald. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
External links
edit- Text of Ingraham v. Wright is available from: Cornell Google Scholar Justia Library of Congress Oyez (oral argument audio)