The 524th Bomb Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 379th Bombardment Wing at Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Michigan, and was inactivated on 15 December 1992 as the base was drawing down prior to closure.
| 524th Bomb Squadron | |
|---|---|
 B-52 Stratofortress as flown by the squadron | |
| Active | 1940–1945; 1955–1992 |
| Country |  United States |
| Branch |  United States Air Force |
| Role | Heavy bomber |
| Motto(s) | Vigilance for Peace (1962-1992) |
| Engagements | European Theater of Operations |
| Decorations | Distinguished Unit Citation |
| Insignia | |
| 524th Bomb Squadron emblem[a][1] |  |
| 524th Bombardment Squadron emblem (World War II)[2] |  |
| World War II fuselage code[2] | WA |
The squadron was first activated during World War II as the 524th Bombardment Squadron. After training in the United States, it moved to England, where it participated in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany. The squadron twice was awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation for its combat actions. Following V-E Day, the squadron moved to Morocco, where it participated in the transportation of military personnel back to the United States until it was inactivated in June 1945.
The squadron was reactivated in 1955 as a Boeing B-47 Stratojet strategic bomber squadron. In 1960, it began converting to the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress. However, Strategic Air Command was engaged in a project to disperse its B-52 wings to reduce their vulnerability to Soviet attack and the squadron moved to Wurtsmith in 1961. The squadron stood nuclear alert at Wurtsmith until the end of the Cold War. It deployed planes and aircrew to support Operation Desert Storm before inactivating.
History
editWorld War II
editActivation and training
editThe squadron was first activated at Geiger Field, Washington in November 1942 as one of the four original squadrons of the 379th Bombardment Group. After initial organization, a cadre moved to Wendover Field, Utah to begin training as a heavy bomber unit with the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress. Training was completed by early April 1943, and the ground echelon moved to Camp Williams, Wisconsin on 9 April, then proceeded to the port of embarkation at Camp Shanks, New York, where it boarded the RMS Aquitania for shipment to England in early May. The air echelon moved to Dow Field, Maine to ferry their Flying Fortresses via the North Atlantic Ferry Route, starting on 15 April.[1][3][4]
Combat in the European Theater
edit
The air echelon of the squadron arrived at RAF Bovingdon by 24 April 1943, and remained there until 21 May, when it joined the ground echelon at RAF Kimbolton, which was to be its combat station for the remainder of its time in the European Theater of Operations. The squadron flew its first combat mission on 29 May, and focused on the strategic bombing campaign against Germany. This mission was the starting point for the first Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) awarded to the squadron for its sustained actions through the end of July 1944. Targets included industrial sites, oil refineries, storage plants, submarine pens, airfields and communications centers in Germany, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Norway and Poland. Targets also included a chemical plant in Ludwigshafen, an aircraft assembly plant in Braunschweig, ball bearing plants at Schweinfurt and Leipzig, synthetic oil refineries at Merseburg and Gelsenkirchen, marshalling yards at Hamm and Reims and airfields in le Mesnil-au-Val and Berlin. The squadron received a second DUC for its attack on the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 aircraft factory at Oschersleben and the Junkers factory at Halberstadt on 11 January 1944. The programmed fighter escort encountered prohibitive weather, as did two of the three divisions making the attack. However, weather in the east was sufficiently clear that the Luftwaffe was able to assemble the largest interceptor force to oppose the attack for the preceding three months. However, the squadron flew into enemy territory without fighter escort to complete its mission.[1][3][5]
The squadron was occasionally diverted from the strategic bombing campaign to perform close air support and interdiction missions. It supported Operation Crossbow by attacking V-1 flying bomb and V-2 rocket launch sites. It bombed airfields, radar stations and other installations to prepare for Operation Overlord, the Normandy invasion in June 1944. On D-Day, it bombed defended positions just ahead of the Allied landings and struck airfields, rail choke points, and gun emplacements during the campaign that followed.[3]
During the Northern France Campaign, the squadron bombed enemy positions to assist ground troops during Operation Cobra, the breakout at Saint Lo on 24 and 25 July 1944. It attacked German communications and fortifications during the Battle of the Bulge, from December 1944 through January 1945 and bombed bridges and viaducts in France and Germany to aid the Allied assault across the Rhine, from February to March 1945.[3] The squadron flew its last mission on 25 April 1945.[4]
After V-E Day the squadron was detailed for the Green Project, which called for moving 50,000 American troops back to the United States each month.[6] The squadron moved to Casablanca Airfield, French Morocco, but in June, Air Transport Command decided to use its own, more flexible organization[c] for the project and the squadron was inactivated on 25 July 1945.[1][3]
Strategic Air Command
editB-47 era
edit
The squadron was reactivated at Homestead Air Force Base, Florida in November 1955 and assigned to the 379th Bombardment Wing. The unit's first few months were spent in organizing and manning as a Strategic Air Command (SAC) bomber unit. It received its Boeing B-47 Stratojet bombers in April 1956 and began training for strategic bombing operations. Once the wing became combat ready, it began overseas Operation Reflex alert operations training, sending five Stratojets to Sidi Slimane Air Base, Morocco. Reflex placed Stratojets and Boeing KC-97s at bases closer to the Soviet Union for 90 day periods, although individuals rotated back to home bases during unit Reflex deployments [7][1][8]
From 1958, SAC's B-47 wings began to assume an alert posture at their home bases, reducing the amount of time spent on alert at overseas bases. General Thomas S. Power’s initial goal was to maintain one third of SAC's planes on fifteen minute ground alert, fully fueled and ready for combat to reduce vulnerability to a Soviet missile strike.[9] This program was short lived for the squadron. In October 1960, it began to transfer its B-47s to other units, becoming non-operational.[8]
B-52 era
editThe squadron moved on paper to Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Michigan in January 1961 as the 379th Bombardment Wing replaced the 4026th Strategic Wing there.[1][8][10] The 4026th wing had been established by SAC in a program to disperse its B-52 heavy bombers over a larger number of bases, thus making it more difficult for the Soviet Union to knock out the entire fleet with a surprise first strike.[11] SAC bases with large concentrations of bombers made attractive targets. SAC’s response was to break up its wings and scatter their aircraft over a larger number of bases.[12] The squadron's first B-52H Stratofortress[d] arrived on 1 May.[13] Once the squadron was combat ready it began to train for strategic bombing and placed aircraft on ground alert. SAC increased its alert commitment to half the squadron's aircraft in 1962.[14]
During the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, on 22 October, 1/8 of SAC's B-52s were placed on airborne alert.[15] On 24 October SAC went to DEFCON 2, placing all aircraft on alert.[16] As tensions eased, on 21 November SAC returned to normal airborne alert posture.[17] went to DEFCON 3 on 24 November, and on 27 November returned to normal alert posture.[18] In 1964, the wing added the AGM-69 Short Range Attack Missile capability to its bombing mission. Although the squadron did not deploy aircraft to support the Vietnam War, starting In 1965 its crewmembers began to crosstrain in the B-52D and deployed to fly Operation Arc Light missions.[13][8]
The squadron continued to operate the B-52H until 1977. In May 1977, the first B-52G arrived from Ellsworth Air Force Base, and the squadron completed transition to that model in July. That year, the squadron also won the Doolittle Trophy for low level bombing during Giant Sword, SAC's annual bombing and navigation competition. The following year's competition saw the squadron rated as the best B-52 unit.[13] In 1980, the squadron won the Gerald Johnson Trophy for the best bomber performance at the William Tell weapons competition and in 1987, the 524th won four of the major trophies awarded in the annual bombing and navigation competition for excellence in high and low-level bombing; the Curtis E. LeMay Bombing Trophy, the Mathis Trophy, the John D. Ryan B-52 Trophy, and the William J. Crumm Linebacker Memorial Trophy.[13]
On 18 January 1991, bombers from the squadron departed to strike targets in Desert Storm, after recovering at Prince Abdullah Air Base, Saudi Arabia, the bombers and crews were attached to the 1708th Bombardment Wing (Provisional) and continued to fly combat missions.[13] One plane flew 29 missions out of Jeddah, the most of any bomber crew in the theater. During the Gulf War, 524th squadron aircraft carried the "Triangle K" tail flash in honor of their World War II predecessors and heritage.[citation needed] Later that year, on 27 September 1991, the wing ended thirty years of nuclear alert, when President Bush removed USAF bombers and land based missiles from their alert commitment with the end of the Cold War.[13] Shortly thereafter the squadron began drawing down as substantial reductions were made to the B-52 force. It was inactivated on 15 December 1992.[19]
Lineage
edit- Constituted as the 524th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) On 28 October 1942
- Activated on 3 November 1942
- Redesignated 524th Bombardment Squadron, Heavy c. 20 August 1943
- Inactivated on 25 July 1945
- Redesignated 524th Bombardment Squadron, Medium on 12 July 1955
- Activated on 1 November 1955
- Redesignated 524th Bombardment Squadron, Heavy on 9 January 1961[20]
- Redesignated 524th Bomb Squadron on 1 September 1991
- Inactivated on 15 December 1992[19]
Assignments
edit- 379th Bombardment Group, 3 November 1942 – 25 July 1945[20]
- 379th Bombardment Wing, 1 November 1955[21]
- 379th Operations Group, 1 September 1991 – 15 December 1992[22][19]
Stations
edit- Geiger Field, Washington, 3 November 1942
- Wendover Field, Utah, 19 November 1942
- Sioux City Army Air Base, Iowa, 3 February–April 1943
- RAF Kimbolton (AAF-117),[23] England, 21 May 1943 – 12 June 1945
- Casablanca Airfield, French Morocco, 17 June–25 July 1945
- Homestead Air Force Base, Florida, 1 November 1955
- Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Michigan, 9 January 1961 – 15 December 1992[24][25][19]
Aircraft
edit- Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, 1942–1945
- Boeing B-47 Stratojet, 1956–1960
- Boeing B-52H Stratofortress, 1961-1977[20]
- Boeing B-52G Stratofortress, 1977-1992
Awards and campaigns
edit| Award streamer | Award | Dates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
Distinguished Unit Citation | 29 May 1943-31 July 1944 | Continental Europe, 524th Bombardment Squadron[1] |
| |
Distinguished Unit Citation | 11 January 1944 | Germany, 524th Bombardment Squadron[1] |
 |
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 July 1963-30 Jun 1964 | 524th Bombardment Squadron[26] |
| |
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 July 1970-30 Jun 1971 | 524th Bombardment Squadron[26] |
| |
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 July 1972-30 Jun 1973 | 524th Bombardment Squadron[26] |
| |
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 July 1974-30 Jun 1975 | 524th Bombardment Squadron[26] |
| |
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 July 1978-30 Jun 1979 | 524th Bombardment Squadron[26] |
| |
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 July 1983-30 Jun 1985 | 524th Bombardment Squadron[26] |
| |
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 July 1987-30 Jun 1989 | 524th Bombardment Squadron[26] |
| |
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 July 1989-30 Jun 1991 | 524th Bombardment Squadron[26] |
| Campaign Streamer | Campaign | Dates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
Air Offensive, Europe | 21 May 1943 – 5 June 1944 | 524th Bombardment Squadron[1] |
| |
Air Combat, EAME Theater | 21 May 1943 – 11 May 1945 | 524th Bombardment Squadron[1] |
| |
Normandy | 6 June 1944 – 24 July 1944 | 524th Bombardment Squadron[1] |
| |
Northern France | 25 July 1944 – 14 September 1944 | 524th Bombardment Squadron[1] |
| |
Rhineland | 15 September 1944 – 21 March 1945 | 524th Bombardment Squadron[1] |
| |
Ardennes-Alsace | 16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945 | 524th Bombardment Squadron[1] |
| |
Central Europe | 22 March 1945 – 21 May 1945 | 524th Bombardment Squadron[1] |
See also
editReferences
editNotes
edit- Explanatory notes
- ^ Approved 3 August 1962. Description: On a red disc bordered black, two green olive branches, arched bendwise throughout surmounted by two white lightning flashes, throughout, issuing from dexter and sinister chief respectively and converging in center base, each charged with two Air Force blue stars in chief, one above the other
- ^ Aircraft is Douglas built Boeing B-17F-45-DL Flying Fortress, serial 42-3325, Paddy Gremlin, WA-Y. On 30 January 1944, it was struck by bombs dropped by a plane higher in the formation and crashed near the Belgian border, with all aircrew becoming prisoners of war. Eight crewmembers were wounded when an enemy aircraft strafed the wrecked plane. Baugher, Joe (3 April 2023). "1942 USAF Serial Numbers". Joe Baugher. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ Air Transport Command had reorganized its overseas units under the AAF Base Unit System in 1944. See Goss, p. 75 for the reasons for this reorganization.
- ^ Boeing B-52H-135-BW, serial 60-1, State of Michigan. Baugher, Joe (14 April 2023). "1960 USAF Serial Numbers". Joe Baugher. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- Citations
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p.617
- ^ a b Watkins, pp.64-65
- ^ a b c d e Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 266-267
- ^ a b Freeman, p. 253
- ^ Freeman, pp. 104-105
- ^ Heck, pp. 216-221
- ^ Narducci, p. 2
- ^ a b c d Ravenstein, pp. 204-205
- ^ Schake, p. 220 (note 43)
- ^ Mueller, p. 615 (inactivation of 4026th Wing.)
- ^ "Abstract (Unclassified), Vol 1, History of Strategic Air Command, Jan-Jun 1957 (Secret)". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
- ^ Knaack, p. 252
- ^ a b c d e f "WAFB Through Time". WAFB.NET. 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ "Abstract (Unclassified), History of the Strategic Bomber since 1945 (Top Secret, downgraded to Secret)". Air Force History Index. 1 April 1975. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
- ^ Kipp, et al., pp. 34-35
- ^ Kipp, et al., p. 35
- ^ Kipp, et al., p. 47
- ^ Kipp, et al., p. 61
- ^ a b c d Air Combat Command Special Order GB-11, 27 October 1992
- ^ a b c Lineage, including assignments and aircraft, through March 1963 in Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p.617.
- ^ Assignment through 1977 in Ravenstein, pp. 204-205.
- ^ Endicott, Judy G.; Haulman, Daniel L. (7 May 2009). "Factsheet 379 Expeditionary Operations Group (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
- ^ Station number in Anderson.
- ^ Stations through March 1963 in Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p.617, except as noted.
- ^ Station information from 1961 through September 1982 in Mueller, p. 615
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Air Force Personnel Services: Unit Awards". Air Force Personnel Center. Retrieved 4 February 2020. (search)
Bibliography
edit
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
- Anderson, Capt. Barry (1985). Army Air Forces Stations: A Guide to the Stations Where U.S. Army Air Forces Personnel Served in the United Kingdom During World War II (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
- Freeman, Roger A. (1970). The Mighty Eighth: Units, Men and Machines (A History of the US 8th Army Air Force). London, England, UK: Macdonald and Company. ISBN 978-0-87938-638-2.
- Goss, William A. (1955). "The Organization and its Responsibilities, Chapter 2 The AAF" (PDF). In Craven, Wesley F.; Cate, James L. (eds.). The Army Air Forces in World War II. Vol. VI: Men & Planes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. LCCN 48003657. OCLC 704158. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Heck, Frank H (1955). "Air Transport, Chapter 8 Traffic Homeward Bound" (PDF). In Craven, Wesley F; Cate, James L (eds.). The Army Air Forces in World War II. Vol. VII: Services Around the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. LCCN 48003657. OCLC 704158. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Kipp, Robert; Peake, Lynn; Wolk, Herman. "Strategic Air Command Operations in the Cuban Crisis of 1962, SAC Historical Study No. 90 (Top Secret NOFORN, FRD, redacted and declassified)". Strategic Air Command. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
- Knaack, Marcelle Size (1978). Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems (PDF). Vol. 2, Post-World War II Bombers 1945-1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-59-5. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556.
- Mueller, Robert (1989). Air Force Bases, Vol. I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982 (PDF). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-53-6. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Narducci, Henry M. (1988). Strategic Air Command and the Alert Program: A Brief History. Offutt AFB, NE: Office of the Historian, Strategic Air Command. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
- Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947-1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Schake, Col Kurt W. (1998). Strategic Frontier: American Bomber Bases Overseas, 1950-1960 (PDF). Trondheim, Norway: Norwegian University of Science and Technology. ISBN 978-8277650241. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
- Watkins, Robert (2008). Battle Colors: Insignia and Markings of the Eighth Air Force In World War II. Vol. I (VIII) Bomber Command. Atglen, PA: Shiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7643-1987-7.
External links
edit- Nelson, Rusty (13 May 2011). "B-52g Bomb Run at Red Flag Nellis AFB. 524th Bomb Squadron, 379th Bomb Wing". YouTube. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2020.