Wikipedia

65th Special Operations Squadron

The 65th Special Operations Squadron is an Air Force Special Operations Command unit which flies the General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper at Hurlburt Field, Florida. The squadron was first activated as the 65th Bombardment Squadron in January 1941, one of the original squadrons of the 43rd Bombardment Group. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the squadron participated in antisubmarine patrols until January 1942, when it moved to Australia and the Southwest Pacific Theater. It moved forward with US forces through New Guinea and the Philippines, moving to Ie Shima shortly before V-J Day for operations against Japan. It earned two Distinguished Unit Citations and a Philippine Presidential Unit Citation for combat operations. During this period, a crew from the 65th became the most decorated aircrew in United States history, when their B-17 fought off twenty Japanese fighters during a photo reconnaissance mission. The squadron was inactivated in the Philippines in April 1946.

65th Special Operations Squadron
MQ-9 Reaper as operated by the squadron
Active1941–1946; 1946–1970; 1986–1991; 2018–present
Country United States
Branch United States Air Force
RoleSpecial Operations Attack and Reconnaissance
Part ofAir Force Special Operations Command
Nickname(s)Lucky Dicers
Motto(s)Scientiam Fortuna Iuvat (Latin for 'Fortune Favors the Knowing')[1]
EngagementsAntisubmarine Campaign
Southwest Pacific Theater[2]
DecorationsDistinguished Unit Citation
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
Philippine Presidential Unit Citation[2]
Insignia
65th Special Operations Squadron emblem (subdued)[1]
65th Bombardment Squadron emblem[note 1][3]
65th Bombardment Squadron emblem[note 2][3]

The squadron was activated again in October 1946 at Davis-Monthan Field, Arizona, when it assumed the resources of another unit. It operated propeller-driven Boeing B-29 Superfortresses and Boeing B-50 Superfortresses until 1954, when it upgraded to the jet Boeing B-47 Stratojet. In 1960, the squadron moved to Carswell Air Force Base, Texas, where it became one of the Air Force's first supersonic Convair B-58 Hustler units. In 1962, a crew from the 65th won the Mackay Trophy and the Bendix Trophy for setting a trio of transcontinental speed records in a round trip from Los Angeles to New York and back during Operation Heat Rise. It was inactivated in 1970 with the retirement of the B-58.

From 1986 to 1991, as the 65th Strategic Squadron, it controlled bombers and tankers deployed at Anderson Air Force Base, Guam. It was activated in its current role in December 2018.

Mission

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The 65th Special Operations Squadron, provides combatant commanders intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) and precision strike capabilities through remotely piloted aircraft operations around the globe.[4]

History

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World War II

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Initial organization and training

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The squadron was first activated at Langley Field, Virginia as one of the original four squadrons of the 43d Bombardment Group, in the buildup of the United States military forces prior to the American entry into World War II. It was equipped with the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress that it would fly in combat, but also flew North American B-25 Mitchells for training.

The squadron moved to Army Air Base Bangor, Maine at the end of August. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the squadron conducted antisubmarine patrols off the Atlantic coast until January 1942, and began moving to reinforce American forces in the Southwest Pacific Theater the following month.[2][5]

Combat in the Southwest Pacific Theatre

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Squadron B-17 at Port Moresby.[note 3]

The squadron reached Australia via Cape Town in March 1942. It was originally equipped with B-17s for combat operations.[2] The squadron operated from bases in Australia until January 1943, when it moved to New Guinea. Between May and September 1942 the squadron replaced its B-17s with Consolidated B-24 Liberators, believed to be more suited to the long ranges of many Pacific missions.[2][6] It attacked Japanese shipping in the Netherlands East Indies and the Bismarck Archipelago.[5] It experimented with skip bombing and used this technique during the Battle of the Bismarck Sea in March 1943. During this battle, it made repeated attacks against an enemy convoy bringing reinforcements to Japanese forces in New Guinea. For this action, the squadron was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation. During this period, the squadron also provided air support for ground forces in New Guinea. It attacked airfields and enemy installations in New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, Celebes, Halmahera, Yap, Palau, and the southern Philippines.[2][5]

 
Squadron B-24 Liberator in December 1943[note 4]

In November 1944 the squadron moved to the Philippines, helping the ground campaign on Luzon as well as conducting bombing missions against airfields, industrial installations and enemy installations in China and Formosa. In July 1945 it moved to Ie Shima Airfield, from which it flew missions over Japan, attacking railroads and airfields, as well as shipping in the Seto Inland Sea until V-J Day.[5] After ceasing operations, the squadron sent its aircraft to the Philippines for reclamation and relocated to Fort William McKinley, near Manila, largely as a paper unit.[6] Although not fully equipped or manned after November 1945, it was finally inactivated in April 1946.[2]

Medal of Honor

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On 16 June 1943, Captain Jay Zeamer Jr. and his crew flew a photographic reconnaissance mission, targeting Japanese installations on Buka. When the mission was nearly completed, their B-17 was attacked by about 20 enemy fighters. The navigator, Lieutenant Joseph Sarnoski, fought off the first fighter attacks, permitting Captain Zeamer to complete the plotted course for the mission. He remained at the nose guns of the bomber, firing at the attacking Japanese and shooting down two fighters. A 20 millimeter shell knocked him back from his position, but he crawled back, and despite severe injury continued firing until he collapsed over his guns. Captain Zeamer maneuvered the plane to permit the crew's gunners to repel the attacks until the fighters broke off their attacks after 40 minutes, then, despite wounds to his arms and legs that caused lapses into unconsciousness, directed the plane back to its base, about than 580 miles (930 km) away. Both men were awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions.[5][7][8]

As a result of this mission, the Zeamer crew has been called the most decorated aircrew in United States Air Force history. Each other member of the crew was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.[9][note 5]

Strategic Air Command

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Early SAC operations

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43d Group B-29 Superfortress[note 6]

The squadron was reactivated under Strategic Air Command (SAC) at Davis-Monthan Field, Arizona on 1 October 1946 and, along with the other squadrons of the 43rd Group, absorbed the personnel and Boeing B-29 Superfortresses of the 40th and 444th Bombardment Groups, which were simultaneously inactivated.[2][10][11] It was one of the first operational Boeing B-29 Superfortress squadrons of SAC and trained for strategic bombardment missions during the postwar years; began upgrading to the improved Boeing B-50 Superfortress, an advanced version of the B-29 in 1948.[2]

SAC’s mobilization for the Korean War highlighted that SAC wing commanders focused too much on running the base organization and not overseeing actual combat preparations. To allow wing commanders the ability to focus on combat operations, the air base group commander became responsible for managing the base housekeeping functions. Under the plan implemented in February 1951 and finalized in June 1952, the wing commander focused primarily on the combat units and the maintenance necessary to support combat aircraft by having the combat and maintenance squadrons report directly to the wing and eliminating the intermediate group structures.[12] the squadron was attached to the 43d Bombardment Wingin February 1951, then assigned permanently in June 1952.[2][note 7]

The emergence of the Soviet MiG-15 interceptor in the skies of North Korea signaled the end of the propeller-driven B-50 as a first-line strategic bomber. It replaced them with new Boeing B-47E Stratojet swept-wing medium bombers in 1954,[2] capable of flying at high subsonic speeds. In the late 1950s, the B-47 was considered to be reaching obsolescence, and was being phased out of SAC's strategic arsenal. The squadron began sending aircraft to other B-47 wings as replacements in late 1959.[citation needed] The squadron moved on paper to Carswell Air Force Base, Texas in early 1960,[2] in preparation for receiving the new Convair B-58 Hustler supersonic medium bomber, sending the last of its B-47s to the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center (AMARC) in early 1960.[citation needed]

B-58 operations

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B-58 Hustler in flight[note 8]

The squadron moved to Carswell Air Force Base without personnel or equipment on 15 April 1960, and was not manned or equipped until August.[13] Then it took over personnel and equipment from the 3958th Combat Crew Training Squadron and the 6592d Test Squadron, which were discontinued.[14] The squadron immediately began training crews on the Convair B-58 Hustler. The squadron was equipped with experimental and training models of the Hustler, along with Convair TF-102 Delta Daggers, to perform Category II and III evaluations of the new bomber, along with its training responsibilities. The evaluations of the Hustler ended in 1962.[13]

In 1962, a crew from the 65th won the Mackay Trophy and the Bendix Trophy for setting a trio of transcontinental speed records in a round trip from Los Angeles to New York and back during Operation Heat Rise.[15]

At the beginning of the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962, Only six B-58s in the entire SAC inventory were on alert. Even these aircraft were "second cycle" (follow on) sorties. Crew training was suspended, and the squadron, along with SAC's other B-58 squadrons, began placing its bombers on alert> By the first week of November, 84 B-58s were standing nuclear alert. and as SAC redeployed its Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers, 20 of these were "first cycle" sorties.[note 9] Within a short time, this grew to 41 bombers. By 20 November, SAC resumed its normal alert posture, and half the squadron's aircraft were kept on alert.[16][17]

In September 1964, the 43d Wing and the squadron moved to Little Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas. In December 1965, Robert S. McNamara, Secretary of Defense announced a phaseout program that would further reduce SAC’s bomber force. This program called for the mid-1971 retirement of all B-58s and some Boeing B-52 Stratofortress models.[18] With the removal of the B-58 from SAC's bomber force, the squadron was inactivated at the end of January 1970.

Control of SAC units in the Pacific

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The squadron was redesignated the 65th Strategic Squadron and activated at Anderson Air Force Base, Guam in July 1986. When Anderson was transferred from SAC to Pacific Air Forces in 1990, the squadron moved to Kadena Air Base, Japan, where it was assigned to the 376th Strategic Wing. Until it was inactivated in October 1991, the squadron controlled Boeing B-52 Stratofortresses and Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers deployed from SAC units in the United States.[2]

Air Force Special Operations Command

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The squadron was redesignated the 65th Special Operations Squadron and activated at Hurlburt Field, Florida in December 2018.[2] It operates General Atomics MQ-9 Reapers that are located at other stations.[4]

Lineage

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  • Constituted as the 65th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 20 November 1940
Activated on 15 January 1941
  • Redesignated 65th Bombardment Squadron, Heavy on 21 September 1943
Inactivated on 29 April 1946
  • Redesignated 65th Bombardment Squadron, Very Heavy and activated on 1 October 1946
Redesignated 65th Bombardment Squadron, Medium on 2 July 1948
Inactivated on 31 January 1970
  • Redesignated 65th Strategic Squadron on 7 April 1986
Activated on 1 July 1986
Inactivated on 2 October 1991
  • Redesignated 65th Special Operations Squadron on 26 September 2018
Activated on 17 December 2018[2]

Assignments

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  • 43d Bombardment Group, 15 January 1941 – 29 April 1946
  • 43d Bombardment Group, 1 October 1946 (attached to 43d Bombardment Wing after 10 February 1951)
  • 43d Bombardment Wing, 16 June 1952 – 31 January 1970
  • 43d Strategic Wing (later 43d Bombardment Wing), 1 July 1986
  • 376th Strategic Wing, 1 July 1990 – 2 October 1991
  • 1st Special Operations Group, 17 December 2018 – present[2]

Stations

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Aircraft

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  • North American B-25 Mitchell, 1941
  • Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, 1941–1943
  • Consolidated B-24 Liberator, 1942–1945
  • Boeing B-29 Superfortress, 1946–1950
  • Boeing B-50 Superfortress, 1948–1954
  • Boeing B-47 Stratojet, 1954–1960
  • Convair TF-102 Delta Dagger[13]
  • Convair B-58 Hustler, 1960–1970
  • Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, 1986–1991
  • Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker, 1990–1991[20]
  • General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper, 2018–present[4]

Awards and campaigns

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Award streamer Award Dates Notes
  Distinguished Unit Citation 2 October 1942 – 23 January 1943 Papua New Guinea 65th Bombardment Squadron[2]
  Distinguished Unit Citation 2-4 March 1943 Bismarck Sea 65th Bombardment Squadron[2]
  Air Force Outstanding Unit Award 1 August 1960 – 1 August 1962 65th Bombardment Squadron[2]
  Air Force Outstanding Unit Award 30 June 1990 – 30 June 1991 65th Strategic Squadron[2]
  Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation 17 October 44 – 4 July 45 65th Bombardment Squadron[2]
Campaign Streamer Campaign Dates Notes
  Air Offensive, Japan 17 April 1942 – 2 September 1945 65th Bombardment Squadron[2]
  China Defensive 4 July 1942 – 4 May 1945 65th Bombardment Squadron[2]
  Papua 23 July 1942 – 23 January 1943 65th Bombardment Squadron[2]
  New Guinea 24 January 1943 – 31 December 1944 65th Bombardment Squadron[2]
  Northern Solomons 23 February 1943 – 21 November 1944 65th Bombardment Squadron[2]
  Bismarck Archipelago 15 December 1943 – 27 November 1944 65th Bombardment Squadron[2]
  Leyte 17 October 1944 – 1 July 1945 65th Bombardment Squadron[2]
  Luzon 15 December 1944 – 4 July 1945 65th Bombardment Squadron[2]
  Southern Philippines 27 February 1945 – 4 July 1945 65th Bombardment Squadron[2]
  Western Pacific 17 April 1945 – 2 September 1945 65th Bombardment Squadron[2]
  China Offensive 5 May 1945 – 2 September 1945 65th Bombardment Squadron[2]

See also

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References

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Notes

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Explanatory notes
  1. ^ Approved 9 September 1954. Description: On a disc red, bordered black, a pair of dice tilted at an angle so that the four and three are showing at the top and the six and five are shown on the tilted front view. Although not approved until 1954, this emblem was used by the squadron during World War II during the time it flew B-24 Liberators. Watkins, pp. 84-85.
  2. ^ Used by the squadron in the Southwest Pacific during the time it flew B-17 Flying Fortresses. Watkins, pp. 84-85.
  3. ^ Aircraft is Boeing B-17E, serial 41-2666, "Old 666" or "Lucy". This is the aircraft flown by Jay Zeamer and his crew in which he and Joseph Sarnoski earned the Medal of Honor. It was transferred tp the 65th Squadron from the 435th Bombardment Squadron. Later transferred to the 8th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron, to which it was assigned when this photograph was taken.
  4. ^ Aircraft is Consolidated B-24D-115-CO Liberator, serial 42-40945 "The Ace O' Spades". Photo taken 20 December 1943.
  5. ^ There were two other occasions on which two members of an AAF crew were awarded Medals of Honor for the same mission, and one other occasion in which all members of a crew were awarded a Distinguished Service Cross, but there was never a combination such as this. Hayes.
  6. ^ Aircraft is Boeing B-29A-70-BN Superfortress, serial 44-62234. Taken at San Francisco in 1947.
  7. ^ This reorganization, called the "Dual Deputy" Organization. Under this plan flying squadrons reported to the wing Deputy Commander for Operations and maintenance squadrons reported to the wing Deputy Commander for Maintenance
  8. ^ Aircraft is Convair B-58A-CF, serial 59-2442 "Untouchable". It participated in Operation Quick Step and set three world records for class including 2000 km closed course flight averaging 1061.80 mph carrying payload. It became last B-58 to leave Little Rock AFB for the Military Aircraft Storage and Disposition Center. Brewer, Alex P.; Brewer, Randy A. "B-58.com, The B-58 Hustler Page: Inventory". B-58.com. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  9. ^ The availability of KC-135s to refuel the B-58s was the main factor in relegating them to the second cycle of the war plan. KC-135s were primarily dedicated to refueling B-52s. See Kipp et al. p. 30 and following for SAC bomber actions during the Cuban Crisis.
Citations
  1. ^ a b "65th Special Operations Squadron Emblem". 1st Special Operations Wing Public Affairs. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Haulman, Daniel L. (15 November 2018). "Factsheet 65 Special Operations Squadron". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  3. ^ a b Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 245-246
  4. ^ a b c "Hurlburt Field: Units, 65th Special Operations Squadron". 1st Special Operations Wing Public Affairs. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d e Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 99-101
  6. ^ a b c d See "History of the 403d Bomb Squadron". liberatorcrash.com. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  7. ^ "Stories of Sacrifice: Jay Zeamer, Jr". Congressional Medal of Honor Society. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  8. ^ "Stories of Sacrifice: Joseph Raymond Sarnoski". Congressional Medal of Honor Society. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  9. ^ Hayes, Clint. "Above and Beyond: The Incredible True Story of Zeamer's Eager Beavers". Zeamer's Eager Beavers. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  10. ^ Mueller, pp. 101-102
  11. ^ Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 97, 100, 318
  12. ^ Deaile, pp. 175-176
  13. ^ a b c Ravenstein, pp. 70-73
  14. ^ Knaack, p. 384
  15. ^ "Operation Heat Rise". National Museum of the US Air Force. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
  16. ^ Kipp et al., pp. 57-58, 61
  17. ^ "Abstract (Unclassified), History of the Strategic Bomber since 1945 (Top Secret, downgraded to Secret)". Air Force History Index. 1 April 1975. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  18. ^ Knaack, p. 248 n.41
  19. ^ Station information in Haulman, Factsheet, except as noted.
  20. ^ Aircraft through 1991 in Haulman, Factsheet, except as noted.

Bibliography

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  This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

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