Wikipedia

996 working hour system

The 996 working hour system (Chinese: 996工作制) is a work schedule practiced illegally by some companies in China. It derives its name from its requirement that employees work from 9:00 am to 9:00 pm, 6 days per week; i.e. 72 hours per week, 12 hours per day.[1][2][3][4][5][6] A number of Mainland Chinese internet and tech companies have adopted this system as their official or de-facto work schedule. Critics argue that the 996 working hour system is a violation of the Labour Law of the People's Republic of China and have called it "modern slavery".[7][8]

996 working hour system
Chinese996工作制
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinjiǔjiǔliù gōngzuò zhì
Deaths due to long working hours per 100,000 people (15+), joint study conducted by World Health Organization and International Labor Organization in 2016.

In March 2019, an "anti-996" protest was launched via GitHub.[9][10][11] Since then, the 996 issue has been met with growing discontent in China.[12][13][14]

Background

edit
See also: Labor relations in China

The culture of overtime work has a long history in Chinese IT companies,[15] where the focus is typically on speed and cost reduction.[16] Companies employ a range of measures, such as reimbursing taxi fares for employees who remain working at the office late into the night, to incentivize overtime work.[17]

This system of working for long hours with few breaks has been known to increase the occurrence of mental and physical problems seen in workers. It is estimated that more than three-quarters of urban workers in big cities like Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou suffer from work-related fatigue, musculoskeletal pain, sleep[18] or eating disorders, occupational stress, and work–family imbalance.[19] According to China's state-owned People's Daily, a 2013 survey showed that 98.8% of Chinese IT industry workers reported health problems.[20][21] Numerous overwork deaths and suicides have occurred during past decades due to the 996 system and other overtime work systems in China.[22][23]

In 2020, a study published in IEEE Software done by Chinese researchers found that "Chinese businesses are more likely to follow long work hours than American ones".[24] Another study likened 996 culture to "modern slavery", formed through the combination of "unrestricted global capitalism and a Confucian culture of hierarchy and obedience".[7]

Companies involved

edit

58.com

edit

In September 2016, the classified advertising website 58.com officially declared its adoption of the 996 working hour system,[25] attracting criticism from employees and social commentators. The company responded that the 996 system would be an encouraged, not compulsory, practice.[26][27]

ByteDance

edit

A CNBC article in May 2021 reported that workers at TikTok's parent company ByteDance were unhappy with the 996 work culture there and that people were turning down job opportunities at TikTok because of it.[28] In November 2021, ByteDance moved away from 996 and mandated shorter working hours.[29] Nevertheless, on 23 February 2022, the sudden death was reported of a 28-year-old employee at ByteDance, after he posted a message on Maimai [zh], a career and social networking platform, the night before. ByteDance later issued a statement that was shared in an internal letter with its staff in China, according to which the employee felt dizzy after an hour of exercise at the company gym, before he was taken to the hospital. The incident raised scrutiny of the frequent overtime demands of Chinese tech companies.[30]

JD.com

edit

After 58.com's 996 schedule was made known to the public, an internal email from the vice-president Gang He (Chinese: 何剛) of JD.com was leaked online, which contained a demand for the management team of JD.com to implement the 996 working hour system "on a flexible basis".[31]

On 15 March 2019, an employee of JD.com alleged that some departments have begun implementing the 995 schedule (9 a.m. - 9 p.m., but five days per week), while other departments have already finished doing so. Following the report, the public relations department of JD.com announced that overtime work was not compulsory.[32]

Richard Liu, the founder of the company, said that the reason for his company's layoffs is because there's too many "slackers" and they are not his "brothers".[33] He said JD did not force its staff to work the "996" or even a "995" overtime schedule, "But every person must have the desire to push oneself to the limit!".

Pinduoduo

edit

In early January 2021, the e-commerce platform Pinduoduo was accused of forcing its employees to do extremely intensive overtimes, which supposedly led to the karoshi death of a 22-year-old worker.[34][35] Later, the official account of Pinduoduo posted (but deleted shortly afterwards) an answer on Zhihu, saying "Those who are at the bottom of the society earn their wages at the risk of losing their lives".[36]

Just a few days after the early January accident, another employee committed suicide by jumping.[37][38] On 10 January, news sources reported that Pinduoduo fired an employee who posted photos showing his colleague being carried into an ambulance.[39][40]

Youzan

edit

In January 2019, an employee of Youzan stated on the social platform Maimai that their supervisor had enforced the 996 schedule.[41] Bai Ya, the CEO of Youzan, replied, "it would be a good thing to look back at a few years later".[17] Some media outlets criticized this schedule.[42] Later that month, the Labour Supervision Group of Xihu District, Hangzhou announced that the company was under investigation.[43]

Others

edit

At least 40 companies, including Huawei and Alibaba Group, have implemented the 996 schedule or an even more intensive alternative.[44][45]

Online protests

edit

996.ICU GitHub campaign

edit
 
Logo of Anti-996 GitHub project

On 26 March 2019, the 996.ICU repository and website were created. The repository on GitHub states that the name "996.icu" refers to how developers who work under the 996 system (9 a.m. - 9 p.m., six days per week) would risk poor health and a possible stay in an intensive care unit. The movement's slogan is "developers' lives matter".[46][47][48][49][50][51][52]

Two days later, on 28 March 2019, the repository had already received 50 thousand stars, and 100 thousand stars on 30 March 2019, which made it the top trending repository on GitHub.[53] The repository reached 120 thousand stars on 31 March 2019, and 200 thousand stars on 9 April 2019, making it the second most starred repository on GitHub. The flurry of activity led to the "issue" page of the repository to be flooded with spam and shut down, which was hotly discussed on Zhihu, Sina Weibo, and WeChat.[1][54]

The original aim of the repository was to list the companies that use the 996 working hour system, but it soon developed into a movement; the Anti 996 Licence [zh] was created to explicitly prohibit companies using the 996 system from using open source[a] code licensed under it.[55][56]

On 2 April 2019, it was widely reported that Tencent's QQ browser and WeChat, Alibaba's UC Browser, Qihoo 360's 360 Browser, and many other browsers developed by companies in mainland China blocked the 996.icu repository on GitHub, describing it as "an illegal and fraudulent site".[57][27]

On 18 April 2019, employees at Microsoft and GitHub created a GitHub repository named "support.996.ICU" in support of the 996.ICU campaign, which they believe could be under threat of Chinese government censorship.[58][59][60][61][62][63]

Reactions

edit

Support

edit

Jack Ma stated that workers should consider 996 "a huge blessing" as there is no way to "achieve the success [one] want[s] without paying extra effort and time",[64][65][66][67][68][27][69] while Richard Liu, founder of JD.com, said that "Slackers are not my brothers!"[27][33] Jason Calacanis, an entrepreneur and angel investor, describes 996 as "the same exact work ethic that built America".[70]

Criticism

edit

Several Chinese media outlets criticized the 996 working system. Xin Shi Ping of the Xinhua News Agency said that the system "violates labor law and overtakes health and the future. It does harm to hard-working workers and is a misunderstanding of the hard-working spirit".[71] The People's Daily wrote that "advocating 'hard work' does not mean resorting to and enforcing the 996 system",[72][73][74] while an editorial in the China News Service said that it is "unnecessary to exchange life for money".[75]

Beijing Daily criticized Jack Ma and Richard Liu for "boasting" the 996 work schedule, claiming that it is "aimed at disguising reduction of salary or lay-off",[76] while Wang Xinya, a writer for Banyuetan, stated that some entrepreneurs disregarded the law and associate 996 with hard work, calling it "poisonous chicken soup" (Chinese: "毒鸡汤"). Wang also stated that the system has nothing to do with employee diligence, but has everything to do with company interests.[77]

Python creator Guido van Rossum described the 996 work schedule as "inhumane" in a tweet commenting on an SCMP article about 996.[78][55][79][80] In 2021, Chinese scholars stressed on policy-makers that "there is a need to reform work policies to realize the lowering of working time per worker in China (and also to curb excessive-work cultures like 996)".[81] Without such initiatives, the dual circulation policy is doomed to fail, they argued.

edit

The 996 working hour system was deemed illegal by the Supreme People's Court on 27 August 2021.[82] However, it has been doubted whether this ruling will be fully enforced.[83][84]

See also

edit

Explanatory notes

edit
  1. ^ Such a license would not meet most definitions of open source software, such as The Open Source Definition, as the 996 exclusion counts as a limitation on purpose of use.

References

edit
  1. ^ a b Xue Yujie (28 March 2019). David Paulk (ed.). "Chinese Developers Protest Overwork on GitHub". Sixth Tone. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  2. ^ Denise Hruby (8 May 2018). "Young Chinese are sick of working long hours". BBC. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  3. ^ Zhao, Ang (3 June 2018). "不接受"996"是不能吃苦？媒体：合法权益应获保障" [Do not accept "996" is not able to work hard? Media: Legal rights should be protected]. Xinhuanet (in Simplified Chinese). Workers' Daily. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  4. ^ Sarah Dai; Li Tao (29 January 2019). "China's work ethic stretches beyond '996' as tech companies feel the impact of slowdown". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  5. ^ Li Yuan (22 February 2017). "China's Grueling Formula for Success: 9-9-6". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  6. ^ Zheping Huang (20 March 2019). "No sleep, no sex, no life: tech workers in China's Silicon Valley face burnout before they reach 30". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  7. ^ a b Wang, Jenny Jing (2020). "How managers use culture and controls to impose a '996' work regime in China that constitutes modern slavery". Accounting & Finance. 60 (4): 4331–4359. doi:10.1111/acfi.12682. ISSN 1467-629X. S2CID 225463581.
  8. ^ Lu, Ying-Ying (13 April 2019). "Ep. 42: To 996, or Not to 996, That Is the Question". Pandaily. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  9. ^ Yuan Yang (3 April 2019). "China tech worker protest against long working hours goes viral". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  10. ^ Bill Ide (4 April 2019). "China Tech Workers Protest Long Work Hours in Online Campaign". VOA News. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  11. ^ Lin Qiqing; Raymond Zhong (29 April 2019). "'996' Is China's Version of Hustle Culture. Tech Workers Are Sick of It". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  12. ^ Hamer, Lars (5 December 2022). "China's Gen-Z Is Entering the Workforce. Employers Are Terrified". Sixth Tone. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  13. ^ Yang, Stephanie (30 January 2023). "Burned out by COVID, Chinese professionals take up nomadic life: 'I wasted so much time'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  14. ^ Yip, Waiyee (1 September 2021). "China steps in to regulate brutal '996' work culture". BBC News. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  15. ^ Wang, Pinzhi (30 March 2018). "50.7%受访者称所在企业有"加班文化"" [50.7% of respondents said their companies have an "overtime culture"]. Xinhuanet (in Simplified Chinese). China Youth Daily. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  16. ^ Justin Bergman (26 August 2016). "Inside the high-pressure world of China's start-up workers". BBC. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  17. ^ a b Liu, Jia, ed. (31 January 2019). "默认996工作制背后：被撕掉的焦虑遮羞布" [Behind the default 996 work system: the shame of being torn off anxiety]. 第一财经 [Yicai] (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  18. ^ Liang, Lu-Hai (21 January 2021). "The psychology behind 'revenge bedtime procrastination'". BBC. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  19. ^ Tsui, Audrey H.H. (27 June 2008). "Asian wellness in decline: a cost of rising prosperity". International Journal of Workplace Health Management. 1 (2): 123–135. doi:10.1108/17538350810893919. ISSN 1753-8351. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  20. ^ Monet, Charmika (26 March 2014). "Working to Death in China". The Diplomat. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  21. ^ "英报：过劳死提醒中国人"懒散些"" [British newspaper: overwork death reminds Chinese people to "be lazy"]. People's Daily. Xinhua News Agency. 6 March 2014. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2022. 信息技术(IT)从业人员似乎尤其脆弱：近日一项覆盖35万IT从业者的调查显示，98.8%的受访者表示自己有健康问题。 [Information technology (IT) workers appear to be particularly vulnerable: a recent survey covering 350,000 IT workers showed that 98.8% of respondents said they had health problems.]
  22. ^ "Death from Overwork in China". China Labour Bulletin. 11 August 2006. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  23. ^ Tan, JS (2022). "Tech Workers Lie Flat". Dissent. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  24. ^ Zhang, Jiayun; Chen, Yang; Gong, Qingyuan; Wang, Xin; Ding, Aaron Yi; Xiao, Yu; Hui, Pan (March 2021). "Understanding the Working Time of Developers in IT Companies in China and the United States". IEEE Software. 38 (2): 96–106. doi:10.1109/MS.2020.2988022. ISSN 0740-7459. S2CID 218777201.
  25. ^ "Leak from 58.com: Chinese tech companies' overtime culture". e27. 5 September 2016. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  26. ^ Zhao, Lei; Wang, Yu (3 September 2016). "58同城员工吐槽"996工作制"" [58 Tongcheng employees spit out "996 work system"]. Phoenix New Media (in Simplified Chinese). The Beijing News. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  27. ^ a b c d "Office workers in China organise a rare online labour movement". The Economist. 17 April 2019. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  28. ^ Shead, Sam (6 May 2021). "Why some tech workers are turning down jobs at TikTok". Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  29. ^ Huang, Zheping (31 October 2021). "TikTok Owner ByteDance Mandates Shorter Working Hours". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  30. ^ "Death of 28-year-old ByteDance employee fuels ongoing controversy on overwork in Chinese tech companies". KrASIA. 23 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  31. ^ Song, Tao (2 September 2016). "不学好！曝京东云高管"以身作则"实行996工作制" [To be no good! JD's executives were exposed to "lead as example" to implement the 996 work system]. qudong.com (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  32. ^ Xu, Qian'ang (12 March 2019). "京东回应"955工作制"：不强制，但要全情投入" [JD's responses to "955 working hour system": not mandatory, but emplorees need to be fully engaged at work]. Guancha.cn (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  33. ^ a b Josh Horwitz; Brenda Goh (13 April 2019). "China's JD.com boss criticizes 'slackers' as company makes cuts". Reuters. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  34. ^ Yujie Xue (4 January 2021). "Death of 22-year-old Pinduoduo employee renews controversy over China's 996 overwork culture, sparking an investigation". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  35. ^ "Death of Chinese tech worker fuels anger over brutal hours". The Washington Post. 5 January 2021. Archived from the original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  36. ^ "知乎回应拼多多账号截图：身份真实无误相关回答实为自行删" [Zhihu's responses to Pinduoduo screenshots: No doubts of authenticity, answer was actually self-deleted]. Sina News. 4 January 2021. Archived from the original on 4 January 2021.
  37. ^ "2 employee deaths and a viral video renew debate of China's '996' overwork culture". Fortune. 11 January 2021. Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  38. ^ "New employee death at Chinese tech giant Pinduoduo prompts calls for boycott". The Washington Post. 11 January 2021. Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  39. ^ "网传拼多多员工因在网上发布同事被抬上救护车的照片，被管理层逼迫主动辞职、赶出公司？事件真实性如何？" [It was reported that a Pinduoduo employee was forced to resign and kicked out of the company by the management for posting photos of a colleague being carried in an ambulance online? What is the authenticity of the incident?]. Zhihu. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021.
  40. ^ "拼多多员工因发帖被逼主动辞职". Sina News. Archived from the original on 11 January 2021.
  41. ^ 三言财经 (28 January 2019). "有赞年会宣布996制度、鼓励员工离婚，为什么越来越多企业炫耀"扭曲"价值观？". 36氪 (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  42. ^ 张瑜 (29 January 2019). 尹淑琼 (ed.). "强推"996"工作制 有赞做错了什么？". 南报网 (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  43. ^ 尹莉娜 (31 January 2019). "杭州劳动监察部门回应有赞"996"工作制：已介入调查". 搜狐 (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  44. ^ Wen, Jing (5 April 2019). "互联网公司加班问题加剧 40家陷"996"工作制风波" [The problem of overtime work in Internet companies has intensified, and 40 companies are caught in the "996" work system troubles]. China Central Television (in Simplified Chinese). Beijing Youth Daily. Archived from the original on 9 April 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
  45. ^ Qiqing, Lin; Zhong, Raymond (29 April 2019). "'996' Is China's Version of Hustle Culture. Tech Workers Are Sick of It". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  46. ^ "996.ICU/README.md". GitHub. 30 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  47. ^ Yingzhi Yang (29 March 2019). "'Developers' lives matter' – Chinese software engineers use Github to protest against the country's 996 work schedule". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  48. ^ "China's tech workers protest brutal work culture with communist jingles". Inkstone. 29 March 2019. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  49. ^ 局长 (Pseudonym) (29 March 2019). "No sleep, no sex, no life，程序员这次忍不了了". 开源中国 (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  50. ^ Xinmei Shen (28 March 2019). "Follow China's "996" work hours and you'll end up in an ICU, says Chinese developer". Abacus. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  51. ^ RADII China (28 March 2019). "GitHub Protest Over Chinese Tech Companies' "996" Culture Goes Viral". RADII. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  52. ^ Liao, Shannon (2 April 2019). "Chinese developers use GitHub to protest long work hours". The Verge. Archived from the original on 9 April 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
  53. ^ 橙皮书 (28 March 2019). "用代码抗议996加班：集结在github上的程序员，正在进行一场社会实验". 36氪 (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  54. ^ Alfred数据室 (29 March 2019). "数据解读｜都是哪些程序员在GitHub上反对996？". 澎湃新闻 (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  55. ^ a b 唐云路; 罗骢 (4 April 2019). "996 惹怒程序员之后，他们的抗议引发了全球关注". Qdaily (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  56. ^ "火爆的996.ICU项目正在酝酿开源许可证 禁止996公司使用". cnBeta.COM (in Simplified Chinese). 蓝点网. 29 March 2019. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  57. ^ Xinmei Shen (3 April 2019). "Chinese browsers block protest against China's 996 overtime work culture". Abacus. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  58. ^ Shannon Liao (22 April 2019). "Microsoft workers pressure company to stand by embattled Chinese GitHub repo". The Verge. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  59. ^ David Reid (23 April 2019). "Microsoft employees add support to Chinese tech workers protesting 'grueling' overtime culture". CNBC. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  60. ^ "Microsoft workers join China's debate over grueling workweek". ABC News. Associated Press. 22 April 2019. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  61. ^ Rosalie Chan (23 April 2019). "A group of Microsoft and GitHub employees have come out in support of Chinese tech workers protesting the infamous '996' work hours". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  62. ^ Sarah Emerson (23 April 2019). "Microsoft Employees Support Chinese Developers Fighting for Fair Labor Practices". Motherboard. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  63. ^ Caroline O'Donovan (22 April 2019). "A Post About China's "996" Workweek Went Viral On GitHub. Now Microsoft Employees Want To Protect It From Censorship". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  64. ^ Serenitie Wang; Daniel Shane (16 April 2019). "Jack Ma endorses China's controversial 12 hours a day, 6 days a week work culture". CNN. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  65. ^ "Jack Ma defends the 'blessing' of a 12-hour working day". BBC News. 15 April 2019. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  66. ^ Lulu Yilun Chen; Bloomberg (15 April 2019). "Alibaba's Jack Ma Again Endorses China's '996' Overtime Culture as Testament to Professional Passion". Fortune. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  67. ^ Nicole Lyn Pesce (15 April 2019). "Alibaba's Jack Ma calls the '996' — China's 72-hour workweek — a 'huge blessing'". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  68. ^ Lily Kuo (15 April 2019). "Working 9 to 9: Chinese tech workers push back against long hours". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  69. ^ Bryce Covert (21 April 2019). "The Richest Man in China Is Wrong. 12-Hour Days Are No 'Blessing.'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  70. ^ @Jason (15 April 2019). "#Founders: We're up against #JackMa..." (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  71. ^ 辛识平 (15 April 2019). "辛识平：奋斗应提倡，996当退场". 新华网 (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  72. ^ "【#你好，明天#】". 人民微博--人民日报 (in Simplified Chinese). 14 April 2019. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  73. ^ "人民日报微评：崇尚奋斗 绝不等于强制"996"". 新浪财经. 14 April 2019. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  74. ^ "人民日报发声：崇尚奋斗，不等于强制996". 搜狐. 中国财经报. 14 April 2019. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  75. ^ "逃离996：我宁可不婚不育不买房，也不要拼命". 人民网 (in Simplified Chinese). 中国新闻网. 16 April 2019. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  76. ^ 董禹含 (15 April 2019). "马云强东争相鼓吹"996"背后是变相降薪或裁员". 人民网 (in Simplified Chinese). 北京日报. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  77. ^ 王新亚 (15 April 2019). 孔德明 (ed.). "半月谈评论：996与奋斗无关，与利益有关". 半月谈 (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  78. ^ Qu, Tracy (9 April 2019). "How GitHub became a bulletin board for Chinese tech worker complaints". Quartz. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  79. ^ "Alibaba's Founder Jack Ma Says 996 Work Schedule Is a Blessing for Employees". PingWest. 12 April 2019. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  80. ^ Rita Liao (12 April 2019). "China's startup ecosystem is hitting back at demanding working hours". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  81. ^ Javed, Saad Ahmed; Bo, Yu; Tao, Liangyan; Dong, Wenjie (7 June 2021). "The 'Dual Circulation' development model of China: Background and insights". Rajagiri Management Journal. 17: 2–20. doi:10.1108/RAMJ-03-2021-0016. ISSN 0972-9968.
  82. ^ "China Spells Out How Excessive 996 Work Culture is Illegal". Bloomberg.com. 27 August 2021.
  83. ^ Meng, Siyuan (15 November 2021). "China's burned-out tech workers are fighting back against long hours". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 21 June 2022. But even though authorities and state media seem to be taking a tougher stand, it is unclear when or if the rules that make 996 illegal will be fully enforced.
  84. ^ Liu, Hong Yu (24 January 2022). "The role of the state in influencing work conditions in China's internet industry: Policy, evidence, and implications for industrial relations". Journal of Industrial Relations. 65: 12. doi:10.1177/00221856211068488. ISSN 0022-1856. The contradictory rulings by the district courts in these cases, one for the employee and two against, suggest that the legislative framework in China is not in a position that can stand firmly to defend workers against the inhumane and unlawful working hours. Wang and Cooke (2021) found a similar level of arbitrariness in court rulings in labour disputes between Chinese platforms and their workers.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&oldid=1258194485"