Wikipedia

AES67

AES67 is a technical standard for audio over IP and audio over Ethernet (AoE) interoperability. The standard was developed by the Audio Engineering Society and first published in September 2013. It is a layer 3 protocol suite based on existing standards and is designed to allow interoperability between various IP-based audio networking systems such as RAVENNA, Wheatnet, Livewire, Q-LAN and Dante.

AES67
Manufacturer Info
ManufacturerAudio Engineering Society
Development dateSeptember 2013; 11 years ago (September 2013)[1]
Network Compatibility
SwitchableYes
RoutableYes
Ethernet data ratesAgnostic
Audio Specifications
Minimum latency125 μs to 4 ms
Maximum channels per link120
Maximum sampling rate48, 44.1, or 96 kHz[1]
Maximum bit depth16 or 24 bits[1]

AES67 promises interoperability between previously competing networked audio systems[2] and long-term network interoperation between systems.[3] It also provides interoperability with layer 2 technologies, like Audio Video Bridging (AVB).[4][5][6] Since its publication, AES67 has been implemented independently by several manufacturers and adopted by many others.

Overview

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AES67 defines requirements for synchronizing clocks, setting QoS priorities for media traffic, and initiating media streams with standard protocols from the Internet protocol suite. AES67 also defines audio sample format and sample rate, supported number of channels, as well as IP data packet size and latency/buffering requirements.

The standard calls out several protocol options for device discovery but does not require any to be implemented. Session Initiation Protocol is used for unicast connection management. No connection management protocol is defined for multicast connections.

Synchronization

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AES67 uses IEEE 1588-2008 Precision Time Protocol (PTPv2) for clock synchronisation. For standard networking equipment, AES67 defines configuration parameters for a "PTP profile for media applications", based on IEEE 1588 delay request-response sync and (optionally) peer-to-peer sync (IEEE 1588 Annexes J.3 and J4); event messages are encapsulated in IPv4 packets over UDP transport (IEEE 1588 Annex D). Some of the default parameters are adjusted, specifically, logSyncInterval and logMinDelayReqInterval are reduced to improve accuracy and startup time. Clock Grade 2 as defined in AES11 Digital Audio Reference Signal (DARS) is signaled with clockClass.

Network equipment conforming to IEEE 1588-2008 uses default PTP profiles; for video streams, SMPTE 2059-2 PTP profile can be used.

In AVB/TSN networks, synchronization is achieved with IEEE 802.1AS profile for Time-Sensitive Applications.

The media clock is based on synchronized network time with an IEEE 1588 epoch (1 January 1970 00:00:00 TAI). Clock rates are fixed at audio sampling frequencies of 44.1 kHz, 48 kHz and 96 kHz (i.e. thousand samples per second). RTP transport works with a fixed time offset to network clock.

Transport

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Media data is transported in IPv4 packets and attempts to avoid IP fragmentation.

Real-time Transport Protocol with RTP Profile for Audio and Video (L24 and L16 formats) is used over UDP transport. RTP payload is limited to 1460 bytes, to prevent fragmentation with default Ethernet MTU of 1500 bytes (after subtracting IP/UDP/RTP overhead of 20+8+12=40 Bytes).[7] Contributing source (CSRC) identifiers and TLS encryption are not supported.

Time synchronization, media stream delivery, and discovery protocols may use IP multicasting with IGMPv2 (optionally IGMPv3) negotiation. Each media stream is assigned a unique multicast address (in the range from 239.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255); only one device can send to this address (many-to-many connections are not supported).

To monitor keepalive status and allocate bandwidth, devices may use RTCP report interval, SIP session timers and OPTIONS ping, or ICMP Echo request (ping).

AES67 uses DiffServ to set QoS traffic priorities in the Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) field of the IP packet. Three classes should be supported at a minimum:

QoS classes and DiffServ associations
Class name Traffic type Default DiffServ class (DSCP decimal value)
Clock IEEE 1588-2008 time events * EF (46)
Media RTP / RTCP media streams AF41 (34)
Best effort IEEE 1588-2008 signaling, discovery and connection management DF (0)
  • Announce, Sync, Follow_Up, Delay_Req, Delay_Resp, Pdelay_Req, Pdelay_Resp, Pdelay_Resp_Follow_Up

250 μs maximum delay may be required for time-critical applications to prevent drops of audio. To prioritize critical media streams in a large network, applications may use additional values in the Assured Forwarding class 4 with low-drop probability (AF41), typically implemented as a weighted round-robin queue. Clock traffic is assigned to the Expedited Forwarding (EF) class, which typically implements strict priority per-hop behavior (PHB). All other traffic is handled on a best effort basis with Default Forwarding.

RTP Clock Source Signalling procedure is used to specify PTP domain and grandmaster ID for each media stream.

Audio encoding

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Sample formats include 16-bit and 24-bit Linear PCM with 48 kHz sampling frequency, and optional 24-bit 96 kHz and 16-bit 44.1 kHz. Other RTP audio video formats may be supported. Multiple sample frequencies are optional. Devices may enforce a global sample frequency setting.

Media packets are scheduled according to 'packet time' - transmission duration of a standard Ethernet packet. Packet time is negotiated by the stream source for each streaming session. Short packet times provide low latency and high transmission rate, but introduce high overhead and require high-performance equipment and links. Long packet times increase latencies and require more buffering. A range from 125 μs to 4 ms is defined, though it is recommended that devices shall adapt to packet time changes and/or determine packet time by analyzing RTP timestamps.

Packet time determines RTP payload size according to a supported sample rate. 1 ms is required for all devices. Devices should support a minimum of 1 to 8 channels per stream.[7]

Recommended packet times
Packet time Samples per packet Notes
44.1 / 48 kHz 96 kHz
125 μs 000006 0012 Compatible with AVB Class A
250 μs 000012 0024 High-performance low-latency operation. Compatible with AVB Class B, interoperable with AVB Class A
333+1⁄3 μs 000016 0032 Efficient low-latency operation
1 ms 000048 0096 Required packet time for all devices
4 ms 000192 0384 Wide area networks, networks with limited QoS capabilities, or interoperability with EBU 3326
  • MTU size restrictions limit a 96 kHz audio stream using 4-ms packet time to a single channel.
Maximum channels per stream
Audio format Packet time
125 μs 250 μs 333+1⁄3 μs 1 ms 4 ms
48 kHz / 16 bit 0120 0060 0045 0015 0003
48 kHz / 24 bit 0080 0040 0030 0010 0002
96 kHz / 24 bit 0040 0020 0015 0005 0001

Latency

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Network latency (link offset) is the time difference between the moment an audio stream enters the source (ingress time), marked by RTP timestamp in the media packet, and the moment it leaves the destination (egress time). Latency depends on packet time, propagation and queuing delays, packet processing overhead, and buffering in the destination device; thus minimum latency is the shortest packet time and network forwarding time, which can be less than 1 μs on a point-to-point Gigabit Ethernet link with minimum packet size, but in real-world networks could be twice the packet time.

Small buffers decrease latency but may result in drops of audio when media data does not arrive on time. Unexpected changes to network conditions and jitter from packet encoding and processing may require longer buffering and therefore higher latency. Destinations are required to use a buffer of 3 times the packet time, though at least 20 times the packet time (or 20 ms if smaller) is recommended. Sources are required to maintain transmission with jitter of less than 17 packet times (or 17 ms if shorter), though 1 packet time (or 1 ms if shorter) is recommended.

Interoperability with AVB

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AES67 may transport media streams as IEEE 802.1BA AVB time-sensitive traffic Classes A and B on supported networks, with guaranteed latency of 2 ms and 50 ms respectively. Reservation of bandwidth with the Stream Reservation Protocol (SRP) specifies the amount of traffic generated through a measurement interval of 125 μs and 250 μs respectively. Multicast IP addresses have to be used, though only with a single source, as AVB networks only support Ethernet multicast destination addressing in the range from 01:00:5e:00:00:00 to 01:00:5e:7f:ff:ff.

An SRP talker advertise message shall be mapped as follows:

Talker advertise message
StreamID A 64-bit globally-unique ID (48-bit Ethernet MAC address of the source and 16-bit unique source stream ID).
Stream destination address Ethernet multicast destination address.
VLAN ID 12-bit IEEE 802.1Q VLAN tag. Default VLAN identifier for AVB streams is 2.
MaxFrameSize The maximum size of the media stream packets, including the IP header but excluding Ethernet overhead.
MaxIntervalFrames Maximum number of frames a source may transmit in one measurement interval. Since allowed packet times are greater than (or equal to) AVB measurement intervals, this is always 1.
Data Frame Priority 3 for Class A, 2 for Class B.
Rank 1 for normal traffic, 0 for emergency traffic.

Under both IEEE 1588-2008 and IEEE 802.1AS, a PTP clock can be designated as an ordinary clock (OC), boundary clock (BC) or transparent clock (TC), though 802.1AS transparent clocks also have some boundary clock capabilities. A device may implement one or more of these capabilities. OC may have as few as one port (network connection), while TC and BC must have two or more ports. BC and OC ports can work as a master (grandmaster) or a slave. An IEEE 1588 profile is associated with each port. TC can belong to multiple clock domains and profiles. These provisions make it possible to synchronize IEEE 802.1AS clocks to IEEE 1588-2008 clocks used by AES67.

Development history

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The standard was developed by the Audio Engineering Society beginning at the end of 2010.[8] The standard was initially published September 2013.[9][10][11][12] A second printing which added a patent statement from Audinate was published in March 2014.

The Media Networking Alliance was formed in October 2014 to promote adoption of AES67.[13]

In October 2014 a plugfest was held to test interoperability achieved with AES67.[14][15] A second plugfest was conducted in November 2015[16] and third in February 2017.[17]

An update to the standard including clarifications and error corrections was issued in September 2015.[1]

In May 2016, the AES published a report describing synchronization interoperability between AES67 and SMPTE 2059-2.[18]

In June 2016, AES67 audio transport enhanced by AVB/TSN clock synchronisation and bandwidth reservation was demonstrated at InfoComm 2016.[19]

In September 2017, SMPTE published ST 2110, a standard for professional video over IP.[20] ST 2110-30 uses AES67 as the transport for audio accompanying the video.[21]

In December 2017 the Media Networking Alliance merged with the Alliance for IP Media Solutions (AIMS) combining efforts to promote standards-based network transport for audio and video.[22]

In April 2018 AES67-2018 was published. The principal change in this revision is addition of a protocol implementation conformance statement (PICS).[23]

The AES Standards Committee and AES67 editor, Kevin Gross, were recipients of a Technology & Engineering Emmy Award in 2019 for the development of synchronized multi-channel uncompressed audio transport over IP networks.[24]

Adoption

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The standard has been implemented by Lawo,[25] Digisynthetic,[26] Axia,[27] AMX (in SVSI devices), Wheatstone,[28][29] Extron Electronics, Riedel,[30] Ross Video,[31][32] ALC NetworX,[33] Audinate,[34] Archwave,[35] Digigram,[36] Sonifex,[37] Aqua Broadcast,[38] Yamaha,[39] QSC,[40] Neutrik, Attero Tech,[41] Merging Technologies,[42][43] Gallery SIENNA,[44] Behringer,[45] Tieline[46] and is supported by RAVENNA-enabled devices under its AES67 Operational Profile.[47]

Shipping products

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Over time this table will grow to become a resource for integration and compatibility between devices. The discovery methods supported by each device are critical for integration since the AES67 specification does not stipulate how this should be done, but instead provides a variety of options or suggestions. Also, AES67 specifies multicast and unicast but many AES67 devices only support multicast.

Vendor Product Description OS AES67
Model		 Send Receive
Multicast
Unicast
 Notes
Win
MacOS
Linux
SAP
mDNS
/RTSP
NMOS
SAP
mDNS
/RTSP
NMOS
Merging
Technologies		 Virtual Audio Device[48] Ravenna/AES67 drivers  Y
  Y
[49] 		 Y
[50] 		Ravenna AES67  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y free
ALC Networks Virtual Sound Card[51] Ravenna/AES67 WDM driver  Y Ravenna AES67  Y free
RAV2SAP[52] AES67 Discovery Tools  Y Ravenna AES67  Y  Y  Y free
Sienna AES67 to NDI Gateway[44] AES67 to NDI Gateway  Y  Y  Y Native AES67  Y  Y  Y  Y
NDI to AES67[53] NDI to AES67 Sender  Y  Y Native AES67  Y  Y  Y  Y
Lawo VRX4[54] Audio Mixer  Y Ravenna AES67  Y
Hasseb AoE[55] AES67 Interface:
analog and optical		 Native AES67  Y  Y  Y  Y
QSC DSP, Amplifiers[56] various Q-SYS AES67  Y  Y  Y
Axia Various[57] various Livewire+ AES67  Y  Y
Yamaha Mixers[58] various Dante AES67  Y  Y  Y  N
Aqua Broadcast Cobra FM Transmitters [38] AES67 Dante input Dante AES67  Y
Attero Tech Endpoints[59] Endpoints Attero AES67  Y  Y  Y  N
SoundTube
Entertainment		 Various[60] Various Dante AES67  Y  Y  Y  N
Behringer Wing[45] Digital mixer Dante AES67  Y  Y  Y  N
Tieline Gateway, Gateway 4[61] Audio Codecs  Y Ravenna AES67,
Livewire+,
WheatNet-IP
[clarification needed]		  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y
Cisco Collaboration devices[62] Interoperability with microphones and speakers Native AES67  Y  Y  Y
Digisynthetic DL08[63] AES67+DSP Network Module  Y  Y Digisyn Link AES67  Y  Y  Y
2-Channel Virtual Sound Card[64] Digisyn Link/AES67 WDM driver  Y Digisyn Link AES67  Y  Y  Y free

References

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  1. ^ a b c d "AES67-2013: AES standard for audio applications of networks - High-performance streaming audio-over-IP interoperability". Audio Engineering Society. September 11, 2013. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
  2. ^ Steve Harvey (June 27, 2014). "NAB Show Product Review: Audio". TV Technology. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2014.
  3. ^ Dave Davies (July 22, 2014). "Mark Yonge on the new dawn for networking". Installation. Archived from the original on July 28, 2014. Retrieved July 23, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ^ AES67-2018 – Annex C (Informative) – AVB network transport
  5. ^ AES67-2018 – Annex D (Informative) – Interfacing to IEEE 802.1AS clock domains
  6. ^ Nestor Amaya (March 2016). "AES67 for Audio Production: Background, Applications and Challenges" (PDF).
  7. ^ a b AES67-101: The Basics of AES67. Anthony P. Kuzub
  8. ^ AES-X192 initiation, Audio Engineering Society, December 1, 2010
  9. ^ Dan Daley (October 2013). "AES Throws New Audio Networking Standard Into the Ring". Retrieved February 11, 2014.
  10. ^ Dan Daley (September 16, 2013). "AES Announces AES67-2013 Networked Audio-Over-IP Interoperability Standard". Retrieved February 11, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. ^ "AES Announces New Networked Audio-Over-IP Interoperability Standard: AES67-2013". ProSoundWeb. September 12, 2013. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
  12. ^ "AES Announces New Networked Audio-Over-IP Interoperability Standard: AES67-2013". Radio. September 16, 2013. Archived from the original on February 17, 2017. Retrieved February 11, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. ^ "AES Show Introduces Media Networking Alliance". Radio World. October 6, 2014. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved November 11, 2014.
  14. ^ Jon Chapple (November 27, 2014), "AES Standards Committee, EBU test AES67 at PlugFest", PSN Europe, archived from the original on December 4, 2014, retrieved November 29, 2014
  15. ^ AES-R12-2014: Standards project report - AES67 Interoperability PlugFest - Munich 2014, Audio Engineering Society, November 24, 2014
  16. ^ AES-R15-2015: Standards project report - AES67 Interoperability PlugFest - Washington 2015, Audio Engineering Society, January 2, 2016
  17. ^ AES-R17-2017: Standards project report - AES67 Interoperability PlugFest - London 2017, Audio Engineering Society, April 28, 2017
  18. ^ AES-R16-2016: AES Standards Report - PTP parameters for AES67 and SMPTE ST 2059-2 interoperability, Audio Engineering Society, May 2, 2016
  19. ^ Joao Martins (June 16, 2016). "AVB/TSN Momentum and AES67/AVB Harmony at InfoComm 2016". Retrieved December 8, 2016.
  20. ^ "SMPTE Approves ST 2110-30 Standards for Professional Media Over Managed IP Networks". Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  21. ^ Leigh Whitcomb (June 30, 2017), "Audio for Television: How AES67 and Uncompressed 2022/2110/TR03 Video Fit Together", SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal, 126 (5), SMPTE: 35–40, doi:10.5594/JMI.2017.2703479
  22. ^ Michelle Clancy (December 28, 2017), AIMS, Media Networking Alliance merge, Rapid TV News
  23. ^ "AES67-2018: AES standard for audio applications of networks - High-performance streaming audio-over-IP interoperability Published". April 24, 2018.
  24. ^ "71st Award Recipients – the Emmys". January 15, 2020.
  25. ^ Lawo. "Lawo supports successful AES67 Interoperability Demo during AES Convention in New York". www.lawo.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2017. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
  26. ^ "Digisyn Link - The Ultimate AES67 Audio over IP Solution". Digisynthetic | 顶力. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
  27. ^ "Axia Announces First Broadcast Product with AES67 Compliance". Sound & Picture. November 14, 2013. Retrieved February 11, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  28. ^ "IP Audio Takes a Big Step Forward". Radio World. February 21, 2014. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
  29. ^ Steve Harvey (August 11, 2014). "Standardizing AoIP is Enabling Interoperability". TV Technology. Archived from the original on August 13, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
  30. ^ "Reidel to make a splash at SATIS 2014". Digital Production. October 29, 2014. Retrieved November 11, 2014.
  31. ^ "BACH ST2110 AES67 Audio Networking Modules, Chips, and Software".
  32. ^ "Coveloz Bach: World's first AES67 endpoint to gain AVnu Certification'". Pro-Audio Central. January 6, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  33. ^ "ALC NetworX Shows Ravenna, AES67". Radio World. January 29, 2014. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
  34. ^ Michael Williams (April 8, 2015), Audinate Announces Availability of Firmware Update to Support AES67, rAVe
  35. ^ Jon Chapple (February 11, 2015). "ISE 2015: Archwave's AES67 networking modules provide 'MIDI 3.0 on steroids'". PSN Europe. Archived from the original on April 16, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2015.
  36. ^ "Digigram to Showcase RAVENNA/AES67 Compatibility of IQOYA IP Audio Codec Line at IBC2014". IABM. August 5, 2014. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 5, 2014.
  37. ^ "Sonifex Press Release - Sonifex joins the RAVENNA alliance". Archived from the original on February 7, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2016.
  38. ^ a b "Cobalt C-1000 / 1000W FM Transmitter". aquabroadcast.co.uk.
  39. ^ Yamaha Dante Products To Support AES67, ProSoundWeb, September 9, 2016
  40. ^ "QSC Q-SYS Platform Software Release to Support AES67". QSC. December 7, 2016.
  41. ^ Attero Tech Ships AES67 Networked Audio Products, retrieved December 17, 2017
  42. ^ Merging Technologies-Digigram Aneman, retrieved February 20, 2018
  43. ^ ISE 2017: RAVENNA presenting AES67 demo rack, retrieved February 20, 2018
  44. ^ a b "AES67". www.sienna-tv.com.
  45. ^ a b "Behringer | Product | WING".
  46. ^ Tieline adds RAVENNA support to Gateway codec family and joins RAVENNA community, Ravenna/ALC NetworX, August 31, 2021
  47. ^ "RAVENNA & AES67". ALC NetworX. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 12, 2014.
  48. ^ Technologies, Merging. "Merging Technologies | Horus & Hapi Mic-Pre & AD/DA for 3rd party DAWs". www.merging.com.
  49. ^ Technologies, Merging. "Merging Technologies | Networked Audio | AES67 V.A.D. Standard". www.merging.com.
  50. ^ Technologies, Merging. "Merging Technologies | ALSA RAVENNA AES67 Linux Driver". www.merging.com.
  51. ^ "Free version of RAVENNA Virtual Sound Card for Windows now available for download!". RAVENNA IP-based Media Network. September 13, 2013.
  52. ^ "RAVENNA-2-SAP AES67 Connection Management Converter". RAVENNA IP-based Media Network. August 2, 2019.
  53. ^ "NDIProcessor". www.sienna-tv.com.
  54. ^ "VRX4 Virtual Radio Mixer Software".
  55. ^ "Audio Over Ethernet Pro". hasseb.fi.
  56. ^ "Q-SYS Cores - Products, Peripherals & Accessories - Q-SYS Ecosystem - Products - Systems - QSC". www.qsc.com.
  57. ^ "Livewire+ AES67 AoIP Networking". www.telosalliance.com.
  58. ^ "Connecting Yamaha Dante devices with other AES67 devices". Yamaha.
  59. ^ "AES67 Audio Networking Quick Start Guide". www.atterotech.com.
  60. ^ "Series". Soundtube Entertainment. Archived from the original on April 11, 2019. Retrieved April 11, 2019.
  61. ^ "Gateway Wins Prestigious Award". Tieline. October 8, 2020.
  62. ^ "AES67 interoperability on Room Devices". Cisco.
  63. ^ "DL08/DL16 AES67 Audio Network Module". Digisynthetic | 顶力. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
  64. ^ "Digisyn Virtual Soundcard". Digisynthetic | 顶力. Retrieved December 27, 2023.
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