The ARC3 (Administrator-Researcher Campus Climate Collaborative) Survey is a campus climate survey developed to assess perpetration and victimization of sexual misconduct on college campuses in the United States. In addition to measuring rates of sexual assault on campus, the survey also gathers data on those who are engaging in sexual assault.[1] It was developed by a group of sexual assault researchers and student affairs professionals in response to the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault.[2] The survey is free for college campuses to use.[3] The study has been used to assess both graduate and undergraduate students.[4]
Background
editCollege sexual assault is common. Estimates of the number of women assaulted on college campuses have shown that some 15 to 20 percent of college women report rape or attempted rape during their college career, and that over 50 percent report experiencing some form of unwanted sexual contact.[5][6][7][8][9] Not only are survivors of sexual violence at an increased risk for anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, substance abuse, and various other physical health problems, but they are also at risk of poorer academic performance.[10][11] Additionally, according to the AAUP Report on Sexual Assault, other academic consequences of sexual assault include: significant declines in academic achievement; impaired ability to carry a normal course load; increased frequency of missing classes; reduced capacity to contribute to the campus community; and an increased likelihood of dropping courses, leaving school, or transferring.[12]
Students in the United States may apply Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 in order to successfully sue universities for "indifference to known situations of harassment."[13] In addition, Title IX is used to support initiatives to prevent sexual assault on college campuses in the United States.[14] Because of various federal investigations, many universities turned to surveys and apps that were often expensive, spending "six figures on a product that promised to address the problem."[3]
White House Initiative "It's on Us"
editWith the increase of attention on college sexual misconduct, the White House presented on September 19, 2014 the launch of the "It's on Us" Campaign. President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden introduced the campaign by describing the importance of ending sexual assault on college campuses.[15] The "It's on Us" Campaign is leading a pledge to "not be a bystander to the problem [of sexual assault], but to be a part of the solution."[16] The campaign emphasizes the idea that everyone is responsible for taking a stand in ending sexual violence.
The ARC3 Survey was developed in response to the White House initiative in hopes to better evaluate data about sexual misconduct on college campuses.
The ARC3 survey was also created in order to ensure that there was no profit motive behind the campus surveys, many of which have been very expensive for colleges to purchase and implement.[17] Jennifer Freyd, a researcher at the University of Oregon, has been instrumental in spear-heading the ARC3 survey initiative.[3]
Collaborators
editThis survey is the result of ongoing efforts by student and legal affairs professionals, campus advocates, students, campus law enforcement, and sexual assault and harassment researchers, groups of whom met in Atlanta, Georgia in October 2014 for the Georgia State University Forum on Campus Sexual Assault and in February 2015 in Madison, Wisconsin for the Madison Summit on Campus Climate and Sexual Misconduct. The collaborators who collectively designed the survey and their titles and institutions are listed below:[18]
| Collaborator | Title | Institution |
|---|---|---|
| Antonia Abbey | Professor of Psychology | Wayne State University |
| Noël Busch-Armendariz | Professor of Social Work, and director, Institute on Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault | University of Texas at Austin |
| Jacquelyn Campbell | Professor of Nursing | Johns Hopkins University |
| Brett Carter | Dean of Students | University of North Carolina at Greensboro |
| Gretchen Clum | Associate Professor of Public Health | Tulane University |
| Sarah Cook | Professor of Psychology and Associate Dean, Honors College | Georgia State University |
| Amalia Corby-Edwards | Senior Legislative and Federal Affairs Officer | American Psychological Association |
| Lilia Cortina | Associate Professor of Psychology and Women's Studies | University of Michigan |
| Karol Dean | Dean, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences | Mercy College |
| Louise Douce | Special Assistant to Vice President of Student Life | Ohio State University |
| Louise Fitzgerald | Emerita Professor of Psychology and Gender & Women's Studies | University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |
| Bill Flack | Associate Professor of Psychology | Bucknell University |
| Jennifer Freyd | Professor of Psychology | University of Oregon |
| Jaray Mazique | Director of Title IX and Compliance | Spelman College |
| Anne Hedgepeth | Government Relations Manager | American Association of University Women |
| Kathryn Holland | Doctoral Candidate in Psychology and Women's Studies | University of Michigan |
| Janet Hyde | Professor of Psychology and Gender & Women's Studies | University of Wisconsin |
| Mary P. Koss | Regents' Professor of Public Health | University of Arizona |
| Felicia McGinty | Vice Chancellor for Student Affairs | Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey |
| Meredith Smith | Lead Title IX Investigator & Deputy Title IX Coordinator | University of Connecticut |
| Kate Stover | Educational Programmer | Title IX Compliance Institute |
| Kevin Swartout | Assistant Professor of Psychology | Georgia State University |
| Jacquelyn White | Emerita Professor of Psychology | University of North Carolina at Greensboro |
Guiding principles
editAccording to the ARC3 Survey website hosted by Georgia State University the ARC3 Survey was created with the following principles in mind:[2]
- Inclusiveness, mutual respect, and collaboration
- Where the voices of researchers, college and university administrators, and students will all be heard.
- Engaging in an iterative and transparent drafting process
- The authors invite and encourage peer review and revision of the survey.
- Administrators should give support, feedback and consultation to researchers so that the survey will be as useful and relevant as possible.
- Scientists in turn should consider the feedback in developing a survey that meets institutional needs.
- Ensuring independence and integrity in research
- Guided by the ethics of science and recognizing and taking steps to remove the influence of bias.
- A commitment to use of the best scientific evidence as the foundation of the survey.
- There is a scientific knowledge base and a transparent scientific process must guide this work if the research is to have integrity and accuracy.
- Peer reviewed studies are the basis for determining survey content.
- Equal focus on surveying victimization and perpetration
- Meaningful prevention rests on identifying the reasons sexual misconduct is perpetrated and the environments that foster it. Data that are focused on both victimization and perpetration creates a scientific foundation for administrative work.
- The adoption of a civil rights approach grounded in Title IX
- Our work focuses on the range of acts that constitute student on student incidents an institution must respond to and process under guidelines of Title IX, the Violence Against Women Act, the Clery Law and other applicable local, state, and federal law and guidelines.
- Framing our efforts with the principles of The Belmont Report
- Respect for persons: Ensure that students are informed and participate voluntarily.
- Beneficence: Participation in a campus climate survey is an educational opportunity and an intervention.
- Justice
- As stated in the Belmont report, address “Who ought to receive the benefits of research and bear its burdens?”
- A sensitivity to the unique issues faced by various diverse populations and higher education institutional types
- Addressing the intersectionality of identities and the multiple contextual factors affecting risk.
Survey components
editThe ARC3 Survey takes approximately 30 minutes to complete and has a module-based structure which makes it flexible to campus needs and legislative mandates moving forward, while maintaining validity of measurement.[2] The following is a list of module topics obtained from the ARC3 Website:
Module Topic 1 POSSIBLE OUTCOMES 2 ALCOHOL USE 3 PEER NORMS 4 PERCEPTIONS OF CAMPUS CLIMATE REGARDING SEXUAL MISCONDUCT 5 SEXUAL HARASSMENT BY FACULTY/STAFF 6 SEXUAL HARASSMENT BY STUDENTS 7 STALKING VICTIMIZATION 8 STALKING PERPETRATION 9 DATING VIOLENCE VICTIMIZATION 10 DATING VIOLENCE PERPETRATION 11 SEXUAL VIOLENCE VICTIMIZATION 12 SEXUAL VIOLENCE PERPETRATION 13 INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSES 14 PEER RESPONSES 15 CONSENT 16 BYSTANDER INTERVENTION 17 CAMPUS SAFETY 18 DEMOGRAPHICS 19 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
References
edit- ^ Craig, Jeremy (August 31, 2015). "Climate Survey to Aid in Preventing Campus Sexual Assaults". Georgia State University News. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
- ^ a b c "Home". ARC3. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
- ^ a b c Kingkade, Tyler (September 1, 2015). "A Supergroup of Academics Is Trying To Stop People Who Profit From Campus Rape". HuffPost. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
- ^ "UO Survey on Sexual Victimization Issues Highlights Need to Increase Awareness of Available Services". Medical News. August 25, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
- ^ Kirkpatrick, C.; Kanin, E. J. (1957). "Male Aggression in Dating-Courtship Relations". American Journal of Sociology. 63 (2): 197–204. doi:10.1086/222177. JSTOR 2773906. S2CID 71669975.
- ^ Koss, M. P.; Gidycz, C. A.; Wisniewski, N. (1987). "The scope of rape: Incidence and prevalence of sexual aggression and victimization in a national sample of higher education students" (PDF). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 55 (2): 162–170. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.55.2.162. PMID 3494755. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 13, 2016.
- ^ Humphrey, JA; White, JW (2000). "Women's vulnerability to sexual assault from adolescence to young adulthood" (PDF). Journal of Adolescent Health. 27 (6): 419–424. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(00)00168-3. PMID 11090744.
- ^ Lawyer, S.; Resnick, H.; Bakanic, V.; Burkett, T.; Kilpatrick, D. (2010). "Forcible, drug-facilitated, and incapacitated rape and sexual assault among undergraduate women". American College Health. 58 (5): 453–60. doi:10.1080/07448480903540515. PMID 20304757. S2CID 6444881.
- ^ Parks, K. A.; Hsieh, Y.-P.; Taggart, C.; Parks; Bradizza, C. M. (2014). "A Longitudinal Analysis of Drinking and Victimization in College Women: Is There a Reciprocal Relationship?". Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 28 (4): 943–951. doi:10.1037/a0036283. PMC 4274186. PMID 25134028.
- ^ Cortina, L. M.; Swan, S.; Fitzgerald, L. F.; Waldo, C. (1998). "Sexual harassment and assault: Chilling the climate for women in academia". Psychology of Women Quarterly. 22 (3): 419–441. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1998.tb00166.x. S2CID 142337999.
- ^ Van Roosmalen, E.; McDaniel, S. A.; Frsc (1999). "Sexual Harassment in Academia: A Hazard to Women's Health". Women & Health. 28 (2): 33–54. doi:10.1300/J013v28n02_03. PMID 10067805.
- ^ AAUP Report on Campus Sexual Assault http://www.aaup.org/report/campus-sexual-assault-suggested-policies-and-procedures
- ^ "Title IX And Sexual Assault". ACLU. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
- ^ Mastrodicasa, Jeanna (July 6, 2015). "Campus Climate Surveys and Public Policy". NASPA. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
- ^ "President Obama Launches the "It's on Us" Campaign to End Sexual Assault on Campus". whitehouse.gov. September 19, 2014. Retrieved August 27, 2015 – via National Archives.
- ^ "Its on Us". Retrieved August 27, 2015.
- ^ Weiss, Suzannah (September 8, 2015). "Jennifer Freyd and The Administrator Researcher Campus Climate Consortium Are Helping Schools Reduce Rape For Free, Because Nobody Should Have To Pay For Prevention". Bustle. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
- ^ "ARC3 SURVEY OF CAMPUS CLIMATE REGARDING SEXUAL MISCONDUCT" (PDF). April 2015.