Wikipedia

Kh-59

(Redirected from AS-18 Kazoo)

The Kh-59 Ovod (Russian: Х-59 Овод 'Gadfly'; AS-13 'Kingbolt') is a Russian cruise missile with a two-stage solid-fuel propulsion system and 200 km range. The Kh-59M Ovod-M (AS-18 'Kazoo') is a variant with a bigger warhead and turbojet engine. It is primarily a land-attack missile; the Kh-59MK variant targets ships.[4]

Kh-59 Ovod
(NATO reporting name: AS-13 'Kingbolt')
Kh-59M Ovod-M (AS-18 'Kazoo')
Kh-59MK at MAKS 2009 air show
TypeCruise missile
Air-launched cruise missile
Air-to-surface missile
Anti-ship missile
Land-attack missile
Place of originSoviet Union/Russia
Service history
In service1980–current
Used byRussia, China, India, Algeria
WarsFirst Chechen War
Second Chechen War
Russo-Ukrainian War
Production history
DesignerMKB Raduga
ManufacturerTactical Missiles Corporation
Specifications
Mass930 kg (2,050 lb)[1]
Length570 cm (220 in)[1]
Diameter38.0 cm (15.0 in)[1]
Wingspan130 cm (51.2 in)[1]
WarheadCluster or shaped-charge fragmentation[1]
Warhead weight320 kg (705 lb)[2]
EngineKh-59: two-stage rocket
Kh-59ME: rocket then R95TP-300[3] turbojet/turbofan
Operational
range
Kh-59ME (export): 115 km (62 nmi)[1]
Kh-59ME: 200 km (110 nmi)
Kh-59MK: 285 km (150 nmi)
Kh-59MK2: 290 km (160 nmi)
Maximum speed Mach 0.72 – Mach 0.88 (882–1,080 km/h; 548–670 mph)[1]
Guidance
system
Inertial guidance (then TV guidance), millimeter wave active radar homing (Kh-59MK, Kh-59MK2 land attack version)[4]
Launch
platform
Kh-59ME: Su-30MK[1]
Kh-59: Su-24M, MiG-27, Su-17M3/22M4, HAL Tejas, Su-30 MKI Su-25 and Su-30[5]
Kh-59MK2: Su-57[6]

Development

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The initial design was based on the Raduga Kh-58 (AS-11 'Kilter'), but it had to be abandoned[citation needed] because the missile speed was too high for visual target acquisition.

Raduga OKB developed the Kh-59 in the 1970s as a longer ranged version of the Kh-25 (AS-10 'Karen'),[7] as a precision stand-off weapon for the Su-24M and late-model MiG-27's.[5] The electro-optical sensors for this and other weapons such as the Kh-29 (AS-14 'Kedge') and KAB-500KR bombs were developed by S. A. Zverev NPO in Krasnogorsk.[7]

It is believed that development of the Kh-59M started in the 1980s.[4] Details of the Kh-59M were first revealed in the early 1990s.[4]

Design

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The original Kh-59 is propelled by a solid fuel engine, and incorporates a solid fuel accelerator in the tail. The folding stabilizers are located in the front of the missile, with wings and rudder in the rear. The Kh-59 cruises at an altitude of about 7 metres above water or 100–1,000 metres (330–3,280 ft) above ground with the help of a radar altimeter. It can be launched at speeds of 600 to 1,000 km/h (370 to 620 mph) at altitudes of 0.2 to 11 kilometres (660 to 36,090 ft) and has a CEP of 2 to 3 metres.[2] It is carried on an AKU-58-1 launch pylon.[5]

The Kh-59ME has an external turbofan engine below the body just forward of the rear wings, but retains the powder-fuel accelerator. It also has a dual guidance system consisting of an inertial guidance system to guide it into the target area and a television system to guide it to the target itself.[1]

The 36MT turbofan engine developed for the Kh-59M class of missiles is manufactured by NPO Saturn of Russia.[8]

Target coordinates are fed into the missile before launch, and the initial flight phase is conducted under inertial guidance. At a distance of 10 km (6.2 mi) from the target the television guidance system is activated. An operator aboard the aircraft visually identifies the target and locks the missile onto it.

Operational history

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Kh-59ME
 
Kh-59MK2

Although the original Kh-59 could be carried by the MiG-27, Su-17M3, Su-22M4, Su-24M, Su-25 and Su-30 family if they carried an APK-9 datalink pod, it was only fielded on the Su-24M in Russian service.[5] From 2008–2015, Russia delivered some 200 Kh-59 missiles to China for use on the Su-30MK2; deliveries may have included both Kh-59MK and Kh-59MK2 versions.[9] The Kh-59MK2 has been test-fired by a Su-57 stealth fighter, during its 2018 Syrian deployment.[6]

On 4 April 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, photographic evidence was published on Telegram channels that a Kh-59M missile was launched by the Russian Aerospace Forces at a grain silo near Mykolaiv, Ukraine. The missile was captured on CCTV as it was traveling to the target area.[10]

On 16 August 2022, the Ukrainian Air Force confirmed over Social Media that Kh-59 missiles were used to strike an airbase in the Zhytomyr Oblast, the missiles being fired towards the Belarusian border from what was believed to be Su-34 jets. By November 2024 missiles launched were found to be lacking the active radar homing head ARGSN U559 and the "Comet" satellite communication module implying that Russia is unable to produce them in adequate numbers making the missiles less effective and more vulnerable to Ukrainian electronic warfare. Russia has also struggled to substitute the P95-300 engine manufactured by the Ukrainian company Motor Sich forcing them to rely on Soviet-era stocks or cannibalizing the Kh-55(SM) missiles.[11]

Variants

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Kh-59 model

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  • Kh-59 (AS-13 'Kingbolt') – original version with dual solid-fuel rocket engines. First shown in 1991; exported as Kh-59 or Kh-59E.[7]
  • Kh-59M (AS-18 'Kazoo') – adds turbojet engine and larger warhead. Range 115 km.[1]
  • Kh-59ME – 200 km-range variant offered for export in 1999.[4]
  • Kh-59MK – 285 km-range anti-shipping variant with turbofan engine and ARGS-59 active radar seeker.[4][12]
  • Kh-59MK2 (AS-22) – land attack variant of Kh-59MK (fire-and-forget),[4] equipped with either a 320 kg penetrating or 285 kg (628 lb) pellet warhead.[9][13] First unveiled at MAKS 2015.[14][15]
  • Kh-59M2 – Kh-59M/Kh-59MK with new TV/IIR seekers, reported in 2004.[4]
  • Kh-20 – possible name for nuclear-tipped variant carried by Su-27 family.[4]
  • Kh-59L – laser-guided variant that was developed.[5]
  • Kh-59T – TV guided instead laser guidance variant.
  • Kh-59MKM – penetrator version that eliminated the seeker section and fitted a 360 kg (790 lb) warhead, able to penetrate 3 m of reinforced concrete.[16]

Proposed development options for the Kh-59M/ME have included alternative payloads (including cluster munitions) but their current development status is unclear.[5][17]

Kh-69 model

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Main article: Kh-69

Operators

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Map with Kh-59 operators in blue and former operators in red

Current operators

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  Algeria
  China
  India
  Indonesia
  Malaysia
  Russia
  Syria
  Venezuela
  Vietnam

Former operators

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  Soviet Union

See also

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  • Kh-69 – (Russia) next generation, long range & stealth missile
  • AGM-130 – (United States) TV-guided penetration missile
  • AGM-84E Standoff Land Attack Missile – (United States)
  • AGM-62 Walleye – (United States) II – TV-guided glide bomb with 83 km range
  • Kh-37 variant of Kh-35 – (Russia) U (AS-20 'Kayak') – 145 kg warhead, 250 km range
  • Kh-58 – (Soviet Union) (AS-11 'Kilter') – Raduga anti-radar missile, 120 km range
  • Kh-35 – (Russia) (AS-20 'Kayak')

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Rosoboronexport Air Force Department and Media & PR Service (2005). Aerospace Systems. Export Catalogue (PDF). Rosoboronexport. p. 124. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2007.
  2. ^ a b Närväinen, Tuomas. "Soviet Missiles". Tuomas Närväinen's Homepage. Archived from the original on 1 January 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2008.
  3. ^ "Aero-Engine Scientific and Technical Complex "Soyuz"". amntksoyuz.ru. Soyuz Scientific Production Association. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Kh-59M, Kh-59ME Ovod-M (AS-18 'Kazoo')". Jane's Air-Launched Weapons. 3 December 2010. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
  5. ^ a b c d e f "Kh-59 Ovod (AS-13 'Kingbolt')". Jane's Air-Launched Weapons. 24 October 2007. Archived from the original on 2 January 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2009.
  6. ^ a b "Russian Su-57 reportedly fired cutting-edge Kh-59Mk2 cruise missile during tests in Syria". Russian Aviation. 29 May 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  7. ^ a b c "Kh-59 (AS-13 'Kingbolt'/Ovod)". Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems. 9 September 2008. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2009.
  8. ^ Двигатели для беспилотных летательных аппаратов [Engines for unmanned aerial vehicles]. npo-saturn.ru (in Russian). NPO Saturn. Archived from the original on 30 June 2010. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
  9. ^ a b "China's PLAN Received about 200 Kh-59MK Anti-Ship Missiles for Su-30MK2 by end-2015". Navy Recognition. TASS. 21 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  10. ^ "Russia's KH-59M missile hit a grain depot in southern Ukraine". News7F. 7 April 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  11. ^ Fretay, Halna du. "Russia Deploys Modified Kh-59 Missiles in Ukraine to Address Critical Component Shortages". armyrecognition.com. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
  12. ^ "Kh-59MK extended-range Air-to-Surface Missile". roe.ru. Rosoboronexport. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  13. ^ "Kh-59MK2 Air-to-Surface Guided Missile". roe.ru. Rosoboronexport. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  14. ^ Eshel, Tamir (30 August 2015). "Russian Stealth Ship Killers Debut at MAKS 2015". Defense Update. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  15. ^ "The X-59MK2 guided aircraft missile updated version". Retrieved 10 April 2022 – via Imgur.[unreliable source?]
  16. ^ Novichkov, Nikolai (28 July 2021). "Russia unveils Kh-59MKM upgrade variant air-to-surface missile". Janes.com. Archived from the original on 4 August 2021.
  17. ^ Wiebe, Virgil; Peachey, Titus (2000). "Chapter 2: Cluster Munitions in the Russian Arsenal". Clusters of Death: The Mennonite Central Committee Global Report on Cluster Bomb Production and Use (Report). Mennonite Central Committee. Archived from the original on 17 February 2001. Retrieved 28 April 2011. Also known as the Kh-59M Ovod-M, the AS-18 is 'modernized version of AS-13 Kingbolt.['] [...] The warhead can be either a 705-lb high explosive or 617-lb cluster submunitions.
  18. ^ "Trade Registers". armstrade.sipri.org. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
  19. ^ "2011 Annual Report of Tactical Missile Corporation". bmpd (in Russian). Archived from the original on 21 August 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2013 – via LiveJournal.[better source needed]
  20. ^ "Fortress T4: An Airbase at War".

Bibliography

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