Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm ibn ʿAlī al-Shīrāzī (Arabic: أبو إسحاق الشيرازي) was a prominent Persian[6] jurisconsult, legal theoretician, theologian, debater and muhaqqiq (researcher).[7] He was one of the leading scholars of Shafiʿi jurisprudence in the eleventh century and arguably the most prolific writer of Islamic legal literature.[8][9]
Abū Isḥāq al-Shīrāzī أبو إسحاق الشيرازي | |
|---|---|
| Title | Amir al-Mu'minin fī al-Fiqh Shaykh al-Islam[1] |
| Personal | |
| Born | 1003 |
| Died | 1083 (aged 79–80) |
| Religion | Islam |
| Nationality | Persian |
| Era | Islamic Golden Age |
| Denomination | Sunni |
| Jurisprudence | Shafi'i |
| Creed | Ash'ari[2][3][4][5] |
| Main interest(s) | Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), Usul al-Fiqh (principles of jurisprudence), Usul al-Din, 'Aqidah, Tawhid, Kalam (Islamic theology), Hadith studies |
| Notable work(s) | |
| Muslim leader | |
| Successor | Abu Sa'd al-Mutwalli |
He became the second teacher after succeeding Ibn al-Sabbagh at the Nizamiyya school in Baghdad, which was built in his honour by the vizier (minister) of the Seljuk Empire Nizam al-Mulk.[10]
He acquired the status of a mujtahid in the field of fiqh and usul al-fiqh. The contemporary muhaddithun (hadith specialists) also considered him as their Imam. Likewise, he was respected and enjoyed a high status among the mutakallimun (practitioners of kalam) and Sufis.
He was closely associated with the eminent Sufis of his time like Abu Nasr ibn al-Qushayri (d. 514/1120), the son of al-Qushayri (d. 465/1072).[11]
Abu Bakr al-Shashi said: "Abu Ishaq is Allah's proof on the leading scholars of the time."[12] Al-Muwaffaq al-Hanafi said: "Abu Ishaq is the Amir al-Mu'minin (Prince of the Believers) from among the fuqaha' (jurists)."[1] The Azhari scholar 'Ali Jum'a, an inheritor of al-Bajuri's teachings, calls him the "shaykh of the fuqaha' of his era."[11]
Name
editHe is Shaykh al-Islam, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim b. 'Ali b. Yusuf al-Fayruzabadi al-Shirazi.
Early life
editBirth
editHe was born in 393 A.H/1003 A.D in Firuzabad in Persia, a town at a distance of about 35 miles from Shiraz.
Teachers
editHe studied under various Shafi'i masters in Shiraz and Basra before coming to Baghdad. In Shiraz, he studied under Abu 'Abd Allah al-Baydawi and 'Abd al-Wahhab ibn Ramin. In Basrah, he had al-Kharzi for master. In 415 AH (1024-1025 AD), he entered Baghdad to study under Abu al-Tayyib al-Tabari the foremost Shafi'i jurist of his time. Abu Ishaq became one of his closest companions. He would repeat his lessons and succeed him in his council. He studied hadith from Abu Bakr al-Barqani, Abu Ali bin Shazan and others, and he studied kalam under Abu Hatim al-Qazwini, a student of al-Baqillani. He continued his diligence, toil, and effort until his fame spread throughout the countries and he became the most admired people of his time.[13]
Scholarly life
editPosition
editUpon his graduation from his illustrious mentors. He remained most of his lifetime in Baghdad and showcased his profound skills and intelligence in sacred law replacing himself as the mufti of the Muslim Ummah (Islamic community) in his time.[10] This where Abu Ishaq was appointed to become the professor of Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad at the order of vizier Nizam al-Mulk to accommodate many of Abu Ishaq's students. He was known as the mentor of Shafi'is in Iraq at his time.[14] Once, after travelling from Baghdad to Nishapur, Abu Ishaq recounted that he had so many students that he could not pass through any town or village without discovering that one of his students was performing the duties of a judge, secretary, or preacher.[15]
Fighting against immorality
editThe chief of the Hanbali faction, Abu Ja'far, and the chief of the Shafi'i faction, Abu Ishaq, joined forces for a common cause and battled against the rise of immorality, which was thought to be the cause of the great flood in 467/1071. Energised by their shaykhs, the Hanbalis assembled in the al-Qasr mosque and invited Abu Ishaq and his followers to fight alongside them against prostitution, interest charges, and wine-drinking. The two Shaykhs demanded al-Qa'im, the caliph, to demolish the brothels and eradicate the other customs practiced by the locals. A letter advising the Seljuk Sultan of this demand was also dispatched at the same time.[16]
Students
editHe had many students, the most famous of whom are: Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, al-Hariri of Basra, Ibn 'Aqil, Abu al-Walid al-Baji, Fakhr al-Islam Abu Bakr al-Shashi al-Qaffal (d. 507/1113), and Abu al-Qasim ibn al-Samarqandi al-Dimashqi (d. 536/1142).[17][18][19]
Death
editHe died in Baghdad in 476 AH (1083–1084 AD), and the 'Abbasid caliph al-Muqtadi (d. 487/1094) attended his funeral.[20] On his death, his pupils sat in solemn mourning in the Nizāmiya college, and after that ceremony, Muwyyad al-Mulk, son of Nizam al-Mulk, appointed Abu Sa'd al-Mutwalli to the vacant place, but when Nizām al-Mulk heard of it, he wrote to disapprove of that nomination, adding that the college should be shut up during a year, on account of Abu Ishaq's death; he then blamed the person who had undertaken to fill his place, and ordered the sheikh Abu Nasr ibn al-Sabbagh to profess in his stead.[1]
Creed
editAbu Ishaq was a stuanch Ash'arite who defended and propagated the doctrine in his book called Al-Ishara ila Madhhab Ahl al-Haqq. Ibn al-Subki quotes Abu Ishaq in his Tabaqat al-Shafi'iyya al-Kubra stating:[21]
- “Indeed, the Ashʿarīs are the people of the Sunnah and the defenders of the Sharia, who rose up to respond to the innovators from the Qadariyah, the Rafida and others so whoever attacks them has attacked the Sunnis and when a matter involving criticism of Ashʿarīs is brought to the attention of those responsible for Muslim affairs, it is obligatory for them to discipline the individual in a manner that deters everyone.”
Dispute
editFollowing the arrival of Ibn al-Qushayri (son of al-Qushayri) in 469/1076 to teach at Nizamiyya madrassa, there had been a series of religious riots in Baghdad in 469–70/1076–77 between Hanbalis and Shafi'is. Ibn al-Qushayri denigrated the Hanbalis when he was there, accusing them of anthropromorphism in their discourse with Allah. Leading Nizamiyya scholar Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi backed Ibn al-Qushayri. He wrote to Nizam al-Mulk, complaining about the Hanbalis and requesting assistance.[22] Eventually, Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi succeeded in getting Abu Ja'far Ibn Abi Musa arrested.[3]
Reception
edit- Al-Mawardi said: “I have never seen anyone like Abu Ishaq! If al-Shafi'i had seen him, he would have been proud of him.”[13]
- Ibn al-Sam'ani said: “Sheikh Abu Ishaq was the Imam of the Shafi’i school of thought (of his time) and the teacher in Baghdad in the Nizamiya school of thought, the sheikh of the age, and the Imam of the era. People travelled to him from all countries and came to him from all regions, and he used to follow the path of Abu al-Abbas Ibn Surayj.”[21]
- Ibn Aqil said: “I saw our Sheikh Abu Ishaq not giving anything to a poor person without bringing the intention, and he would not speak about an issue without seeking refuge with God Almighty, and sincerely intending to support the truth, and he did not write anything except after he had prayed rak’ahs, so there is no crime whose name became widespread and whose writings became famous in the East and the West with the blessing of his sincerity.”[21]
Works
editHe authored many works, among the most famous of them are:
- Al-Tanbih fi al-Fiqh al-Shafi'i (Arabic: التنبيه في الفقه الشافعي, lit. 'The Notification: in Shafi'i Jurisprudence'), one of the five most important books in Shafi'i jurisprudence, played a prominent role in the development of the Shafi'i school. Al-Nawawi wrote a commentary on it called Tashih al-Tanbih, as well as two other commentaries by Ibn al-Rif'ah (d. 710/1310) and al-Zarkashi (d. 794/1392).
- Al-Muhadhdhab fi Fiqh al-Imam al-Shafi'i (Arabic: المهذب في فقه الإمام الشافعي, lit. 'The Rarefaction: on the Jurisprudence of Imam al-Shafi'i'), a comprehensive manual of Islamic law according to the Shafi'i school, which took him fourteen years to produce, and which was later on explained by the Shafi'i hadith scholar al-Nawawi naming it al-Majmū' Sharh al-Muhadhdhab (Arabic: المجموع شرح المهذب, lit. 'The Compendium: An Exegesis of the Rarefaction'), was a recension and compilation of all the strands of Shafi'i jurisprudence.[10]
These two works are counted among the five key reference texts for the Shafi'i school, and the Muhadhdhab was considered by al-Nawawi to be one of the two most important works of this school ever produced.[23]
- Al-Luma' fi Usul al-Fiqh (Arabic: اللمع فى أصول الفقه, lit. 'The Refulgence of the Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence'),[24] one of the earliest works in relation to Usul al-Fiqh specifically in the Shafi'i school of jurisprudence. This work was contemporaneous to major developments in post-Shafi'i usul, such as the writings of al-Juwayni, with whom he apparently differed on a number of points.
- Al-Ishara ila Madhhab Ahl al-Haqq (Arabic: الإشارة إلى مذهب أهل الحق, lit. 'The Allusion to the School of the People of Truth'), a summary of Ash'ari creed with a combination of textual and kalami proofs.
- Tabaqat al-Fuqaha' (Arabic: طبقات الفقهاء, lit. 'The Classes of Jurists'), gives the lives of the jurists among the Sahaba (companions of the Prophet), and the Tabi'in (followers of the companions of the Prophet) and those of the founders of schools and their disciples.
- Al-Nukat fi al-Masa'il al-Mukhtalaf fiha bayna al-Shafi'i wa Abi Hanifa (Arabic: النكت في المسائل المختلف فيها بين الشافعي وأبي حنيفة), a book in 'ilm al-khilāf (the science of juridical disagreement).
- Al-Ma'una fi al-Jadal (Arabic: المعونة في الجدل, lit. 'The Assistance in Debate').[a]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ According to Miller, the early period of jadal (debate, argumentation or disputation) theory in legal tradition started when Abū Ishāq al-Shirāzi (d. 476/1083) wrote a book entitled al-Ma'unah fi al-Jadal. His student, Ibn 'Aqil (d. 513/1119) also followed in his footsteps by writing a jadal book entitled Kitab al-Jadal 'ala Tariqat al-Fuqah'.[25]
References
edit- ^ a b c Al-Dhahabi. "Siyar A'lam al-Nubala' (The Biographies of the Most Noble)". Islamweb.net.
- ^ Mohammad Suhail E.M al-Hudawi (2017). Theological thoughts of Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi. International Islamic University Malaysia. ISBN 9879674186974.
All the views he expresses in Kitab al-Ishara are in conformity with the views of the early generation of the Ash'arite theology. … [H]e is an ardent follower of the Ash'arite school based on his two works in Theology, namely Kitab al-Ishara and 'Aqaid al-Salaf which clearly assert this point. The fatwas he issued to explain his stand on Ash'arism also confirms his allegiance to the Ash'arite School.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid prefix (help) - ^ a b Massignon, Louis (6 August 2019). The Passion of Al-Hallaj, Mystic and Martyr of Islam, The Survival of Al-Hallaj. Vol. 2. Princeton University Press. p. 158. ISBN 9780691657219.
Abu Ishaq Shirazi, the Ash'arite rector of the Nizamiya
- ^ A. C. S. Peacock (February 2013). Early Seljuq History: A New Interpretation. Taylor & Francis. p. 104. ISBN 9781135153694.
Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi, the leading Ash'ari in Baghdad
- ^ Yassin Ghanem Jassim al-Aridi (2024). Classes of Ash'aris, notables of the people of the Sunnah and the community. Dar al-Kotob al-'Ilmiyya. p. 121-122. ISBN 9786144962350.
- ^ وفيات الأعيان وأنباء أبناء الزمان، أحمد بن محمد بن إبراهيم بن أبي بكر ابن خلكان البرمكي الإربلي، أبو العباس، دار صادر - بيروت، 1972، ج. 1 ص.30
- ^ "Abū Isḥāq al-Shīrāzī". Reference Works — BrillOnline.
- ^ Christopher Melchert (2002). "The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law, 9th-10th Centuries C.E". Islamic Law and Society. 9 (1). Brill: 116-119. ISBN 9789004109520. JSTOR 3399203 – via JSTOR.
- ^ "Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn ʿAli Shirazi". Oxford Reference.
- ^ a b c Salim bin Samir al-Hadrami (2014). The Ship of Salvation. Translated by Abdullah Muhammad al-Marbuqi. Pustaka Tok Kenali. p. 101. ISBN 9789671221815.
- ^ a b Aaron Spevack (2014). The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of al-Bajuri. State University of New York Press (SUNY Press). p. 84. ISBN 9781438453712.
- ^ "Who was Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi?". Darul Tahqiq. 5 July 2019.
- ^ a b "Biography of Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi". islamweb.net (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 19 April 2024.
- ^ al-Bayati, Tahir (8 September 2014). English in a simplified way. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781491857649.
- ^ Rāshid, Rushdī; Morelon, Régis (1996). Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science: Technology, alchemy and life sciences. Routledge. p. 996. ISBN 9780415124126.
- ^ Miriam Hoexter, Shmuel N. Eisenstadt, Nehemia Levtzion (February 2012). The Public Sphere in Muslim Societies. State University of New York Press. p. 43. ISBN 9780791488614.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi (January 2018). مختصر فيما اختلف فيه أبو حنيفة والشافعي (in Arabic). Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية. ISBN 978-2-7451-9085-7.
- ^ Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi (January 2009). كفاية النبيه شرح التنبيه في فقه الإمام الشافعي (in Arabic). Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية. ISBN 978-2-7451-6388-2.
- ^ Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi. المعونة في الجدل (in Arabic). ISBN 978-2-12-345197-6.
- ^ Al-Zirikli. "Al-'Alam (The Notable Personalities)". shamela.ws.
- ^ a b c Youssef Al-Hazimari. "The biography of Imam Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi". Muhammadiya Association of Scholars (al-Rabita al-Muhammadiyya lil-'Ulamā' in Morocco). Archived from the original on 4 April 2024.
- ^ Hanne, Eric J. (2007). Putting the Caliph in His Place - Power, Authority, and the Late Abbasid Caliphate. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 112. ISBN 9780838641132.
- ^ Norman Calder; Jawid Mojaddedi; Andrew Rippin, eds. (2003). Classical Islam: A Sourcebook of Religious Literature. Routledge. p. 207. ISBN 9780415240321.
- ^ Arabic edition and index by Eric Chaumont, Mélanges de l'Université Saint-Joseph, LIII [1993-1994]
- ^ Ovamir Anjum, ed. (2018). American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 35-4. The International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). p. 12.
