Abū'l-Qasim ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muhammad ibn al-Qa'im (Arabic: أبو القاسم عبد الله بن محمد بن القائم) better known by his regnal name al-Muqtadi (Arabic: المقتدي 'the follower'; 1056 – February 1094) was the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad from 1075 to 1094. He succeeded his grandfather caliph al-Qa'im in 1075 as the twenty-seventh Abbasid caliph.
| Al-Muqtadi المقتدي | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Khalīfah Amir al-Mu'minin | |||||||||
 Gold dinar of al-Muqtadi | |||||||||
| 27th Caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad | |||||||||
| Reign | 2 April 1075 – 3 February 1094 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Al-Qa'im | ||||||||
| Successor | Al-Mustazhir | ||||||||
| Born | 24 July 1056 Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate | ||||||||
| Died | 3 February 1094 (aged 37) Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate | ||||||||
| Consort |
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| Issue | Al-Mustazhir Jafar | ||||||||
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| Dynasty | Abbasid | ||||||||
| Father | Muhammad | ||||||||
| Mother | Urjuman | ||||||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||||||
Biography
editHe was born to Muhammad Dhakirat, the son of caliph Al-Qa'im, and an Armenian slave girl named Urjuman.[1] His full name was ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muhammad ibn al-Qa'im and his Kunya was Abū'l-Qasim. He was born in 24 July 1056.[2]
When al-Qa'im was on his deathbed in 1075, Fakhr ad-Dawla[3] took charge of his personal care - al-Qa'im did not want bloodletting but Fakhr ad-Dawla had it done anyway.[3] Before he died, al-Qa'im advised his grandson and successor al-Muqtadi to keep the Banu Jahir in their position: "I have not seen better persons for the dawla than Ibn Jahir and his son; do not turn away from them."[3] Al-Muqtadi ascended to the throne on 2 April 1075.
In 1077, deadly riots broke out in Baghdad between the city's Hanbali and Ash'ari factions when Abu Nasr ibn al-Ustadh Abi al-Qasim al-Qushayri arrived in town to become lecturer at the city's nizamiyya.[3] During the riots, Nizam al-Mulk's son Mu'ayyad al-Mulk's life was endangered.[3] Nizam al-Mulk blamed Fakhr ad-Dawla for the whole affair and in 1078 sent his representative Gohar-A'in to the caliph to demand Fakhr ad-Dawla's removal[3] and to have the Banu Jahir's followers arrested.[4] Gohar-A'in arrived on 23 July and was granted an audience on Tuesday, 14 August, during which he handed over a letter requesting Fakhr ad-Dawla's removal.[4] Al-Muqtadi initially balked at the demand,[3] but by 27 August Gohar-A'in was threatening to attack the palace unless he complied.[4] At that point, al-Muqtadi had no choice – the Abbasids lacked a military of their own and were powerless to resist Seljuk interference.[3] Fakhr ad-Dawla apparently resigned (instead of being fired) and al-Muqtadi had him placed under house arrest.[4]
Meanwhile, Amid ad-Dawla had left for Isfahan once he heard of Nizam al-Mulk's plans.[3][4] He took a circuitous route through the mountains to avoid running into Gohar-A'in on the way, and he reached Isfahan on 23 July – the same day that Gohar A'in reached Baghdad.[3][4] Amid ad-Dawla met with Nizam al-Mulk and the two parties eventually reconciled, which they sealed with a marriage contract between Nizam al-Mulk's granddaughter and Amid ad-Dawla.[3][4] Al-Muqtadi did not initially rehire the Banu Jahir and instead kept them under house arrest, but Nizam al-Mulk later intervened and got them rehired.[3][4]
Also during Ramadan of 1078 (March–April), Fakhr ad-Dawla had had a minbar (pulpit) made at his expense and bearing the titles of al-Muqtadi.[4] It later ended up broken up and burned down.[4]
In 1081, the caliph sent Fakhr ad-Dawla to Isfahan, laden with gifts and over 20,000 dinars, to negotiate marriage with Malik-Shah's daughter.[3] Malik-Shah was grieving the death of his son Da'ud and did not take part i; the negotiations; rather, Fakhr ad-Dawla went to Nizam al-Mulk.[3] The two worked together this time; they went to the princess's foster mother, Turkan Khatun, to make their request.[3] She was disinterested at first because the Ghaznavid ruler had made a better offer: 100,000 dinars.[3][4] Khadija Arslan Khatun, who had been married to al-Qa'im, told her that a marriage with the caliph would be more prestigious, and that she should not be asking the caliph for more money.[4]
Eventually, Turkan Khatun agreed to the marriage, but with heavy conditions imposed on al-Muqtadi: in return for marrying the Seljuk princess, al-Muqtadi would pay 50,000 dinars plus an additional 100,000 dinars as mahr (bridal gift), give up his current wives and concubines, and agree to not have sexual relations with any other woman.[3] This was an especially heavy significant burden on the Abbasid caliph, since the Abbasids had been tightly controlling their "reproductive politics", with all their heirs being born to umm walads and therefore unrelated to any rival dynasties.[3] By agreeing to Turkan Khatun's terms, Fakhr ad-Dawla was putting al-Muqtadi at a severe disadvantage while also benefitting the Seljuks considerably.[3]
In 1083, al-Muqtadi removed the Banu Jahir from office by decree.[3] The circumstances of their removal from office are somewhat unclear - historians gave varying accounts.[3] In Sibt ibn al-Jawzi's version, al-Muqtadi had become suspicious of the Banu Jahir, prompting them to leave for Khorasan without requesting official permission; this further aroused al-Muqtadi's suspicions and he retroactively fired them after they had left.[3] He then wrote to the Seljuks, telling them not to employ the Banu Jahir in their administration.[3] In Ibn al-Athir's version, the Seljuks at some point approached al-Muqtadi and asked to employ the Banu Jahir themselves, and al-Muqtadi agreed.[3] Al-Bundari offers no details about the firing itself but wrote instead that the Seljuks sent representatives to meet the Banu Jahir in Baghdad (rather than in Khorasan).[3]
According to Ibn al-Athir's account, the Banu Jahir left Baghdad on Saturday, 22 July 1083.[4] They were succeeded as viziers by Abu'l-Fath al-Muzaffar, son of the ra'is al-ru'asa', who had previously been "in charge of the palace buildings".[4]
Al-Muqtadi was honored by the Seljuk sultan Malik-Shah I, during whose reign the Caliphate was recognized throughout the extending range of Seljuk conquest. Arabia, with the Holy Cities, now recovered from the Fatimids, acknowledged again the spiritual jurisdiction of the Abbasids.
Malik-Shah I arranged a marriage between his daughter and al-Muqtadi, possibly planning on the birth of a son who could serve as both caliph and sultan. Though the couple had a son, the mother left with her infant to the court of Isfahan. Following the failure of the marriage, the Sultan grew critical of the Caliph's interference in affairs of state, and sent an order for him to retire to Basra. The death of Malik-Shah I shortly after, however, made the command inoperative.
In 1092, when Malik Shah I was assassinated shortly after Nizam al-Mulk, Taj al-Mulk nominated Mahmud as Sultan and set out for Isfahan.[5] Mahmud was a child, and his mother Terken Khatun wished to seize power in his stead. To accomplish this, she entered negotiations with the Caliph al-Muqtadi to secure her rule. The Caliph opposed both a child and a woman as ruler, and could not be persuaded to allow the khutba, the sign of the sovereign, to be proclaimed in the name of a woman. Eventually, however, the Caliph agreed to let her govern if the khutba was said in the name of her son, and if she did so assisted by a vizier he appointed for her, a condition she saw herself forced to accept.[6]
Treatment of Jews
editObadiah the Proselyte, who lived in Baghdad towards the end of al-Muqtadi's reign, records:[7]
Al-Muqtadi told Abu Shuja, his vizier, to mark the Jews dwelling in the city of Baghdad with distinctive dress, and he sought many times to destroy them, but the God of Israel thwarted his intent and hid them from his wrath. [Abu Shuja] put a yellow sign upon on the head of each Jew and a silver-mithqal of lead on the neck of each Jew, which was inscribed "dhimmi"—for the Jews were to be taxed. He also required the Jews to wear [yellow] girdles. Abu Shuja had two signs placed upon the Jewish women: the shoes belonging to each woman had to be one red and the other black, and each woman had to wear a small brass bell on her shoe or neck, in order by their sound to distinguish between Jewish and gentile women. He further appointed cruel men over the Jewish men, and cruel women over the Jewish women, to oppress them with every kind of curse, spite, and shame. The gentiles would mock them, and the am ha'aretz and their children would strike the Jews in all the areas of the city. Now this was the tax which [Al-Muqtadi] ordered to be levied over the Jews. . .
Family
editAl-Muqtadi's first wife was Sifri Khatun. She was the daughter of Sultan Alp Arslan.[8] In 1071–72, his father Al-Qa'im sent his wazir Ibn Al-Jahir to ask her hand in marriage, to which demand the Sultan agreed.[9] His second wife was Mah-i Mulk Khatun, daughter of Sultan Malik-Shah I. In March 1082, Al-Muqtadi sent Abu Nasr ibn Jahir to Malik Shah in Isfahan to ask for her hand in marriage. Her father gave his consent and the marriage contract was concluded. She arrived Baghdad in March 1087. The marriage was consummated in May 1087. She gave birth to Prince Ja'far on 31 January 1088. But then Al-Muqtadi began to avoid her and she asked permission to return home. She left Baghdad for Khurasan on 29 May 1089, accompanied by her son. Subsequently, news of her death reached Baghdad. Her ailing father, brought her son back to Baghdad in October 1092. Prince Ja'far was taken back to the Caliphal Palace, where he remained until his death on 21 June 1093. He was buried near the caliphal tombs in the Rusafah Cemetery.[10] One of Al-Muqtadi's concubines was Kalbahaar or Jalb'har, also known as Tayf al-Khayal. She was a Turkish and was the mother of caliph Al-Mustazhir.[11]
Succession
editAl-Muqtadi died in 1094 at the age of 37–38. He was succeeded by his 16-year-old son Ahmad al-Mustazhir as Caliph.
See also
edit- Banu Jahir, family of viziers that were prominent under al-Muqtadi's reign
References
edit- ^ Bennison, Amira K. (2009) The Great Caliphs: The Golden Age of the 'Abbasid Empire. Princeton: Yale University Press, p. 47. ISBN 0300167989
- ^ Richards, D.S. (2014). The Annals of the Saljuq Turks: Selections from al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh of Ibn al-Athir. Routledge Studies in the History of Iran and Turkey. Taylor & Francis. p. 187. ISBN 978-1-317-83255-3.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Hanne, Eric (2008). "The Banu Jahir and Their Role in the Abbasid and Saljuq Administrations". Al-Masaq. 20 (1): 29–45. doi:10.1080/09503110701823536. S2CID 154985025. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Ibn al-Athir; Richards, D.S. (4 April 2014). The Annals of the Saljuq Turks: Selections from al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh of Ibn al-Athir. pp. 195–7, 203, 210. ISBN 9781317832553. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ^ Boyle 1968, p. 103.
- ^ Mernissi, Fatima; Mary Jo Lakeland (2003). The forgotten queens of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-579868-5.
- ^ מלאכי, צבי (1971). סוגיות בספרות העברית של ימי הביניים (in Hebrew). נופך. pp. 90–91.
- ^ El-Hibri, T. (2021). The Abbasid Caliphate: A History. Cambridge University Press. p. 211. ISBN 978-1-107-18324-7.
- ^ Lambton, A.K.S. (1988). Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia. Bibliotheca Persica. Bibliotheca Persica. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-88706-133-2.
- ^ al-Sāʿī, Ibn; Toorawa, Shawkat M.; Bray, Julia (2017). كتاب جهات الأئمة الخلفاء من الحرائر والإماء المسمى نساء الخلفاء: Women and the Court of Baghdad. Library of Arabic Literature. NYU Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-4798-6679-3.
- ^ Rudainy, Al; Saud, Reem (12 June 2015). "The Role of Women in the Būyid and Saljūq Periods of the Abbasid Caliphate (339-447/9501055&447-547/1055-1152): The Case of Iraq". University of Exeter. pp. 117, 157. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
- This text is adapted from William Muir's public domain, The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline, and Fall.
- Boyle, J. A., ed. (1968). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5. Cambridge University Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-521-06936-6.