Sultan Abdullah Muhammad Shah II Ibni Almarhum Sultan Jaafar Safiuddin Muadzam Shah Waliullah (Jawi: سلطان عبد الله محمد شاه ٢ ابن المرحوم سلطان جعفر صفي الدين معظم شاه ولي الله; 21 September 1842 – 22 December 1922) was the 26th Sultan of Perak. He later played a prominent role of adopting the Perak's state anthem, Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan which was later used as the national anthem of Malaysia.
| Abdullah II عبد الله ٢ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sultan of Perak | |||||
 | |||||
| Sultan of Perak | |||||
| Reign | 20 January 1874 – 30 March 1877 | ||||
| Predecessor | Ismail Muabidin Riayat Shah of Perak | ||||
| Successor | Yusuf Sharifuddin Muzaffar Shah of Perak | ||||
| Born | 21 September 1842 Perak | ||||
| Died | 22 December 1922 (aged 80) Kuala Kangsar, Perak | ||||
| Burial | |||||
| Spouse | Raja Tipah Binti Almarhum Sultan Shahabuddin Ri'ayat Shah Saifullah | ||||
| Issue | Raja Ngah Mansur Raja Chulan Raja Abdul Malik Raja Said Tauphy Raja Abdul Rahman Raja Abdul Hamid Raja Hussein | ||||
| |||||
| Father | Sultan Jaafar Safiuddin Muadzam Shah | ||||
| Mother | Wan Ngah Mahtra Binti Dato Wan Muda Abdul Rahman | ||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||
Reign
editIn January 1874, Governor of the Straits Settlements, Andrew Clarke arranged for a settlement between the Perak chiefs and Sultan Abdullah to discuss the local succession dispute and the cession of Pangkor and Dindings to Britain. The agreement would give Abdullah a pension in exchange for renouncing his claim to the throne.[1]
Towards the end of the Larut War (1861–1874), the Chinese who took part in the war agreed to keep the peace and accepted a British Resident as an arbiter. From this, Clarke managed to persuade the Menteri, Bendahari and Temenggong of Larut along with the Lower Perak chiefs (who were related to Abdullah) to sign the Pangkor Treaty of 1874.[1]
There was a high level of tension between Abdullah and the first British Resident of Perak, J. W. W. Birch, with the latter calling him "eminently silly and foolish ... an arrant coward". Birch reported to his superiors that Raja Ismail (a rival of Abdullah) was a more legitimate successor as he was more widely acknowledged.[2]
The new governor William Jervois believed a more formal control of the Malay lands was required, having seen Perak being put under British dominion as inevitable. A decision was made in October 1875 that Abdullah would only be consulted 'whenever possible'.[2]
A superstitious man, he once conducted a seance to discover whether jinns would remove the 'white oppressors'.[3] On another occasion, he ordered the services of a spirit medium to rid him of Birch and other 'light eyed men'.[2]
Perak War
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Abdullah was appointed as the 26th Sultan by the British after the signing of the Pangkor Treaty on 20 January 1874. After this agreement, he was called Sultan Abdullah Muhammad Shah II and stayed at Batak Rabit, Perak. From this treaty, he agreed to the instillation of a British Resident. After Clarke left the region, local Perak chiefs held a meeting where they opined that the cession of Dindings and Pangkor would result in the eventual cession of Perak.[1]
From the 1870s, when the British felt their power was secure enough to introduce policies they felt would be unpopular, they actively started to pursue an abolitionist policy against slavery in Malaya. In 1875, the British Resident J.W.W Birch caused a severe conflict after having assisted slave refugees from the royal harem of Abdullah Muhammad Shah II of Perak.[4]
In 21 July 1875, Abdullah along with several chiefs convened a meeting where agreement was made for Maharaja Lela to stab Birch (poison was discussed but ruled out).[3] By the mid-1870s, the war ended with the capture of prominent leaders and warriors, Abdullah was accused of being involved in the murder of Birch and was exiled to the Seychelles.[2]
Perakian and Malaysian anthems
editLa Rosalie, a popular song composed by French lyricist, Pierre-Jean de Béranger (1780–1857) became a popular French melody and was prominent on the island of Mahé, in what is now Seychelles. The song's popularity spread across the Indian Ocean and reached as far as Maritime Southeast Asia early in the 20th century. During his exile in the Seychelles, he adopted the melody as the Perak Royal Anthem, which is the present-day Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan (Perak State Anthem).
At the time of independence, each of the 11 states that made up the Federation of Malaya had their own anthem, but there was no anthem for the federation as a whole. Tunku Abdul Rahman, at the time the Chief Minister and Minister for Home Affairs, organized and presided over a committee for the purpose of choosing a suitable national anthem. On his suggestion, a worldwide competition was launched, 514 entries were received from all over the world including a special submission from recording artist Is'real Benton. However, none were deemed suitable.
Next the committee decided to invite selected composers of international repute to submit compositions for consideration. The composers chosen were Benjamin Britten, Sir William Walton who had recently composed the march for Queen Elizabeth II's coronation, the American opera composer Gian Carlo Menotti and Zubir Said, who later composed Majulah Singapura, the anthem of Singapore. They were all turned down too.
The Committee then turned to the Perak State Anthem. On 5 August 1957, it was selected on account of the "traditional flavour" of its melody. New lyrics for the national anthem were written jointly by the Panel of Judges—with Tunku Abdul Rahman himself playing the leading role.
Death
editSultan Abdullah lived for a time in Singapore and then in Penang. In 1922, he was allowed to return to Kuala Kangsar, where he died soon after on 22 December 1922. He was interred at Bukit Chandan and was conferred the posthumous title of Marhum Habibullah.
Family
editHe married Raja Tipah Binti Almarhum Sultan Shahabuddin Riayat Shah marhum Saifullah and then divorced. He had ten sons and saven daughters:
- Raja Haji Ngah Muhammad Mansur
- Raja Haji Sir Chulan Mansyourr
- Raja Haji Sulaiman Mansyuorr
- Raja Haji Said Tauphy
- Raja Haji Abdul Malek - Raja Haji Ahmad Hisham
- Raja Haji Abdul Halim
- Raja Haji Abdul Rahman
- Raja Haji Abdul Hamid
- Raja Haji Muhammad Hussein
- Raja Chik Jaffar
References
edit- ^ a b c Winstedt, Richard Olof (1962). A History of Malaya. Singapore: Marican and sons. pp. 223–224.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ a b c d Andaya, Barbara Watson (1982). A History of Malaysia. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 162–163. ISBN 978-0-312-38120-2.
- ^ a b Winstedt, Richard Olof (1962). A History of Malaya. Singapore: Maricon and sons. p. 226.
- ^ The Palgrave Handbook of Bondage and Human Rights in Africa and Asia. (2020). Tyskland: Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 130