Abol-Ghasem Kashani

The Ayatollah
Sayyed
Abol-Ghasem Mostafavi-Kashani
The Ayatollah; Sayyed Abol-Ghasem Mostafavi-Kashani
14th Chairman of the Parliament of Iran
	In office; 8 August 1952 – 1 July 1953
Monarch	Mohammad-Reza Pahlavi
Preceded by	Hassan Emami
Succeeded by	Abdullah Moazzami
Personal details
Born	19 November 1882; Tehran, Sublime State of Persia
Died	14 March 1962 (aged 79); Tehran, Imperial State of Iran
Nationality	Iranian
Political party	Society of Muslim Warriors
Other political; affiliations	National Front (1949–52);
Children	26

Sayyed Abol-Ghasem Mostafavi-Kashani (Persian: سید ابوالقاسم کاشانی Abu’l-Qāsem Kāšāni; 19 November 1882 – 13 March 1962) was an Iranian politician and Shia Marja. He played an important role in the 1953 coup in Iran and the overthrow of Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh.^[1]

Early life

His father, Ayatollah Hajj Seyyed Mostafavi Kashani (Persian: آیت‌الله حاج سید مصطفوی کاشانی), was a noted scholar of Islam in his time. Abol-Ghasem was trained in Shia Islam by his religious parents and began study of the Quran soon after learning to read and write.

At 16, Abol-Ghasem went to an Islamic seminary to study literature, Arabic language, logic, semantics and speech, as well as the principles of Islamic jurisprudence, or Fiqh. He continued his education at the seminary in Najaf in the Qur'an and Hadiths as interpreted in Sharia law, receiving his jurisprudence degree when he was 25.

Later life

Personal life

Kashani had 3 wives and 19 children, including 7 sons and 12 daughters.^[2]

His son Mostafa died in an accident in 1955; the newly appointed prime minister, Hossein Ala', escaped an assassination attempt at the funeral.^[3] According to British intelligence, around this time two of his sons were involved in a lucrative business buying and selling import-export licenses for restricted goods.^[4]

One of Kashani's children, Mahmoud Kashani, went on to become head of the Iranian delegation to the International Court of Justice in The Hague, Netherlands, in Iran's case with the United States and a presidential candidate in the Iranian presidential elections of 1985 and elections in 2005. His second son is Ahmad Kashani, a former member of the Iranian parliament.

Political life and death

Abol-Ghasem expressed Anti-capitalist leanings from early on in his career and opposed what he saw as "oppression, despotism and colonization." Because of these beliefs, he was especially popular with the poor in Tehran.^[5] He also advocated the return of Islamic government to Iran, though this was most likely for political reasons.^[6]

Due to his pro-Nazi positions, Ayatollah Kashani was arrested and exiled by the British to Palestine in 1941.^[7] He continued to oppose foreign, especially British, control of Iran's oil industry while in exile. After he returned from exile on 10 June 1950, he continued to protest. Angered by the fact that the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company paid Iran much less than it did the British, he organized a movement against it and was the "virtually alone among the leading mujtahids in joining" nationalist Prime Minister Mohammed Mosaddeq, in his campaign to nationalize the Iranian oil industry in 1951.^[8]^[9]

Kashani served as speaker of the Majles (or lower house of Parliament), during the oil nationalization, but later turned against Mosaddeq during the 1953 Iranian coup d'état. Kashani protected the violent Islamist group Fada'iyan-e Islam, led by Navvab Safavi, after their expulsion from the Qom seminary by Ayatollah Hosein Borujerdi in 1950. The group then engaged in public assassinations in Tehran in the early 1950s.^[10] On 17 February 1956, a month after the execution of the Navvab Safavi due to his killing of senior figures Kashani confessed to an army prosecutor his role in these murders stating "I issued the Fatwa to kill Razmara, for I was a qualified Mojtahed."^[11] Then Kashani was detained and following his release from the prison he retired from politics.^[11] He died on 13 March 1962.^[11]

References

^ Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany (20 June 2017). "64 Years Later, CIA Finally Releases Details of Iranian Coup". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 20 June 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
^ Gasiorowski, Mark J.; Byrne, Malcolm, eds. (2004). Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran. Syracuse University Press. p. 292. ISBN 0815630182.
^ Abbas Milani (2008), Eminent Persians: The Men and Women Who Made Modern Iran, 1941–1979, Volumes One and Two, Volume 1, Syracuse University Press, p. 348
^ Ervand Abrahamian (1993), Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic, I.B.Tauris, p108
^ Dabby, Elias. "The Ayatollah and Me." The Scribe – Journal of Babylonian Jewry. Issue 70, October 1998.
^ Samii, A.W. "Falsafi, Kashani and the Baha'is
^ Sohrab Sobhani. The pragmatic entente: Israeli-Iranian relations, 1948-1988 (PhD thesis). Georgetown University. p. 33. ISBN 979-8-206-60906-6. ProQuest 303710655.
^ MacKay, Sandra, The Iranians, (Plume, 1998) p.198
^ Abrahamian, Ervand, Khomeinism : essays on the Islamic Republic, University of California Press, c1993. p.107
^ James Buchan. Days of God: The Revolution in Iran and its Consequences pp. 65–6. Simon & Schuster. 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c Fariborz Mokhtari (Summer 2008). "Iran's 1953 Coup Revisited: Internal Dynamics versus External Intrigue". The Middle East Journal. 62 (3): 486. doi:10.3751/62.3.15.