Abraham David Beame (né Birnbaum; March 20, 1906 – February 10, 2001)[2] was an American accountant, investor, and Democratic Party politician who was the 104th mayor of New York City, in office from 1974 to 1977.[3] As mayor, he presided over the city during the 1975 New York City fiscal crisis, when the city was almost forced to declare bankruptcy.
Abraham Beame | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Beame in 1965 | |
| 104th Mayor of New York City[1] | |
| In office January 1, 1974 – December 31, 1977 | |
| Preceded by | John Lindsay |
| Succeeded by | Ed Koch |
| 36th and 38th New York City Comptroller | |
| In office January 1, 1970 – December 31, 1973 | |
| Mayor | John Lindsay |
| Preceded by | Mario Procaccino |
| Succeeded by | Harrison J. Goldin |
| In office January 1, 1962 – December 31, 1965 | |
| Mayor | Robert F. Wagner, Jr. |
| Preceded by | Lawrence E. Gerosa |
| Succeeded by | Mario Procaccino |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Abraham David Birnbaum March 20, 1906 London, England |
| Died | February 10, 2001 (aged 94) New York City, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse |
Mary Ingerman
(m. 1928; died 1995) |
| Children | 2 |
| Relatives | Marty Ingels (nephew) |
| Alma mater | Baruch College (degree originally conferred by the City College of New York) |
| Profession | Accountant |
Early life
editBeame was born Abraham David Birnbaum in London.[4] His parents were Esther (née Goldfarb) and Philip Birnbaum, Jewish immigrants from Poland who fled Warsaw.[5][6] Beame and his family left England when he was three months old.[5] He was raised on New York City's Lower East Side.
He graduated from P.S. 160 and the High School of Commerce before enrolling at the City College of New York's School of Business and Civic Administration (spun off as Baruch College in 1968), where he received his undergraduate degree in business with honors in 1928.[4][5][6]
Career
editCareer before politics
editWhile in college, Beame co-founded an accounting firm, Beame & Greidinger.[5] He was an accounting teacher at Richmond Hill High School in Queens from 1929 to 1946[6] and also taught accounting and commercial law at Rutgers University from 1944 to 1945.
From 1952 to 1961, Beame served as New York City's director of the budget, having also served as assistant director from 1946 to 1952.[5] In this capacity, he "negotiated all city labor contracts without a strike and kept books on city spending and borrowing; he also set up management programs that saved the city $40 million."[2]
Early political career
editBeame was a "clubhouse" or machine politician, a product of the Brooklyn wing of the patronage-oriented "regular" Democratic organization, the borough's equivalent of Manhattan's Tammany Hall and the locus of New York patronage politics following the ascent of Meade Esposito, as opposed to the policy-oriented "reform" Democrats who entered New York City politics, most effectively in Manhattan and the Bronx in the 1950s.[7]
Before being elected to two nonconsecutive terms as city comptroller in 1961 and 1969, he was a longstanding member of Crown Heights's influential Madison Democratic Club and served as political boss Irwin Steingut's personal accountant. Members of the Madison Club, including attorney/fundraiser Abraham "Bunny" Lindenbaum and Steingut's son, Stanley, frequently liaised with real estate developer Fred Trump. The club also played a decisive role in the political ascent of Park Slope–based attorney Hugh Carey, whose tenure as governor of New York coincided with Beame's administration, though Carey eventually broke with the organization by endorsing Mario Cuomo's 1977 primary bid to unseat Beame.[7][8]
In 1965, Beame was the Democratic nominee for mayor of New York City. Edward N. Costikyan was his campaign manager and James Farley his campaign chair.[9] Despite having Senator Robert F. Kennedy's strong support,[9] Beame lost to the Republican nominee, John Lindsay.[10]
Mayor of New York City
edit
Beame won the 1973 Democratic mayoral primary with 34% of the vote, ahead of Herman Badillo (29%), Mario Biaggi (24%), and Albert H. Blumenthal (16%).[11] He defeated State Senator John J. Marchi, Blumenthal, and Biaggi in the 1973 mayoral election, becoming the 104th mayor of New York City.[4][12] Beame was the city's first Jewish mayor.[13][a]
Fiscal crisis of 1975
editHe entered office facing the worst fiscal crisis in the city's history and spent most of his term attempting to ward off bankruptcy. Soon after being sworn in as mayor, Beame slashed the city workforce, froze salaries, and reconfigured the budget, which proved unsatisfactory until reinforced by actions from newly created state-sponsored entities and the granting of federal funds.
In October 1975, the city of New York was in debt of $453 million. Beame made a statement on October 17 that the city had insufficient cash on hand to meet its debt obligations for that day. He added that New York City citizens needed to take immediate steps to protect the city's essential life support systems and to preserve their well-being. President Gerald Ford at first turned down New York's request for a loan, inspiring the legendary Daily News headline "Ford to City: Drop Dead", but Ford later approved federal support for New York.[16]
Blackout of 1977
editOn the evening of July 13, 1977, a massive power failure hit the city. With temperatures in the mid-nineties Fahrenheit and the humidity high, New Yorkers sweltered. By the time power was restored at 10:39 p.m. the next night, the city had been without power for 25 hours. Beame set up a Blackout Action Center at the New York City Police Department headquarters. The blackout resulted in raw sewage washing up on beaches and spoiled food in hundreds or thousands of restaurants around the city.[17]
After a chaotic four years as mayor, Beame ran for a second term in 1977, and finished third in the Democratic primary, behind Representative Ed Koch and New York Secretary of State Mario Cuomo, and ahead of former Representative Bella Abzug, Representative Herman Badillo and Manhattan Borough President Percy Sutton. He was succeeded by Koch, who won the general election on November 8, 1977.[5]
When Beame left office on January 1, 1978, the city budget had a surplus of $200 million.[4] There was a $1.5 billion deficit when Beame took office.[5]
A 1993 survey of historians, political scientists and urban experts by Melvin G. Holli of the University of Illinois at Chicago ranked Beame as the 14th-worst American big-city mayor to serve between 1820 and 1993.[18]
Later career
editBeame worked in investment advising after leaving office.[2]
Personal life
editBeame was married to his childhood sweetheart, Mary (née Ingerman),[5] for 67 years. They met when Beame was 15, playing checkers at the University Settlement Society of New York.[4] They raised two sons, Edmond and Bernard (Buddy),[2][5] and lived in Brooklyn, first in Crown Heights and later in a "modest" apartment on Plaza Street West in Park Slope.[4][19] Throughout his life, Beame summered in the Rockaway neighborhood of Belle Harbor.[4]
Beame received the Townsend Harris medal in 1957, and awards from numerous charitable, religious and civic organizations.[20]
Beame experienced heart problems in his later years. He had heart attacks in 1991 and 2000. After the second, he was admitted to New York University Medical Center, where he remained for the last months of his life. He underwent open-heart surgery in August and December 2000, and died from surgical complications on February 10, 2001, at the age of 94.[2]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Some consider Fiorello LaGuardia to be New York City's first Jewish mayor. LaGuardia practiced Episcopalianism, but his mother was a non-practicing Jew, making him Jewish according to rabbinic Judaism.[14][15]
References
edit- ^ "Mayors of the City of New York (The Green Book)". nyc.gov.
- ^ a b c d e McFadden, Robert D. (February 11, 2001). "Abraham Beame Is Dead at 94; Mayor During 70's Fiscal Crisis". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved March 18, 2010.
- ^ "Parks Remembers Mayor Beame". Daily Plant. XVI (3304). New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. February 16, 2001. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g Giuliani, Rudolph W. "Remarks at the Funeral Service for Mayor Abraham Beame". nyc.gov.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Marks, Jason. "12 Who Made It Big: Abraham D. Beame '28". History of Baruch College. Baruch College, City University of New York. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
- ^ a b c "New York City's first Jewish mayor". Richmond Hill Historical Society. Archived from the original on August 3, 2001. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
- ^ a b Lichtenstein, Grace (November 8, 1974). "Madison Democratic Club Brings Influence to Brooklyn". New York Times.
- ^ Pérez-Peña, Richard (August 7, 2011). "Hugh Carey, Who Led Fiscal Rescue of New York City, Is Dead at 92 (Published 2011)". New York Times.
- ^ a b "Abraham D. Beame, Oral History Interview – RFK -- 6/27/1978" (PDF). p. 10.
- ^ Witkin, Richard (November 3, 1965). "Lindsay Beats Beame In A Close Race; O'Connor and Procaccino Both Win; State Senate Is G.O.P.; Hughes Victor - Seesaw Contest - Vote Is Tightest Here in Quarter Century - 13% for Buckley". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
- ^ "Primary Biaggi Still Holds The Key". The New York Times. June 24, 1973.
- ^ "New York City Mayoral Election 1973". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
- ^ "New York City's first Jewish mayor". Richmond Hill Historical Society. Archived from the original on August 3, 2001. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
- ^ "'The Great Mayor'". The New York Times. June 29, 2003. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
- ^ Green, David B. (November 6, 2012). "1973: A Jewish Mayor for New York City". Haaretz.com. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
- ^ Nussbaum, Jeff (October 16, 2015). "The Night New York Saved Itself From Bankruptcy". The New Yorker. Retrieved December 7, 2020.
- ^ Imperato, Pascal (August 1, 2016). "Public Health Concerns Associated with the New York City Blackout of 1977". Journal of Community Health. 41 (4): 707–716. doi:10.1007/s10900-016-0206-6. PMID 27220853. S2CID 8004028.
- ^ Holli, Melvin G. (1999). The American Mayor. University Park: PSU Press. ISBN 0-271-01876-3.
- ^ "2006 – Historical notes on Carroll Gardens, Brooklyn Heights, Cobble Hill, Flatbush, etc". Issuu. July 9, 2010.
- ^ "Beame, Abraham David former mayor". Salem Press Encyclopedia. January 1, 2016.
Further reading
edit- Shelton, Jon. "Dropping Dead: Teachers, the New York City Fiscal Crisis, and Austerity" in Shelton, Teacher Strike! Public Education and the Making of a New American Political Order (U of Illinois Press, 2017) pp 114-142.
External links
edit- "Abraham D. Beame Collection". La Guardia and Wagner Archives.
- "Oral history Guides: Abraham D. Beame Administration". Columbia University Libraries: Oral History Research Office. Archived from the original on June 25, 2010. (archived)
- Abraham Beame at Find a Grave