The wasp-spine velvetfish (Acanthosphex leurynnis), also known as the dwarf velvetfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a velvetfish belonging to the family Aploactinidae. It is the only member of the monotypic genus Acanthosphex. This species is found in the Indo-Pacific from India to the Gulf of Thailand.
| Wasp-spine velvetfish | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Perciformes |
| Family: | Aploactinidae |
| Genus: | Acanthosphex Fowler, 1938 |
| Species: | A. leurynnis
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| Binomial name | |
| Acanthosphex leurynnis (D. S. Jordan & Seale, 1905)
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| Synonyms[2] | |
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Taxonomy
editThe wasp-spine velvet fish was first formally described as Prosopodasys leurynnis by the American ichthyologists David Starr Jordan and Alvin Seale with the type locality given as Hong Kong.[3] In 1938 Henry Weed Fowler placed the species in the monotypic genus Acanthosphex.[4] This taxon is classified within the family Aploactinidae in the suborder Scorpaenoidei within the order Scorpaeniformes,[5] although thios family is also treated as a subfamily of the stonefish family Synanceiidae[6][7] within the Scorpaenoidei, which in turn is treated as a superfamily within the order Perciformes.[8] The genus name Acanthosphex is a compound of acanthus, meaning "thorn" or "spine", a reference to the two robust spines on preorbital which project rearwards behind each eye and the long and sizeable preopercular spines, with sphex, which is Greek for "wasp", thought to be an allusion to the wasp-like sting delivered by its fin spines. The specific name is a compound of leuros, meaning "smooth", and hynnis, which means vomer, this name was not explained by Jordan and Seale, but may be a reference to the fine teeth on the vomer.[9]
Description
editThe wasp-spine velvetfish has a highly compressed body. It has between 11 and 15 spines and 7 and 9 soft rays in its dorsal fin while the anal fin has 1 or 2 spines and between 8 and 8 soft rays.[2] The gill openings are restricted to the sides of head. There are two backwards pointing large, robust and blunt preorbital spines, reaching past the rear margin of eye and 4 large spines on the preoperculum with 4 large spines, the upper spine being the largest and the spines decreasing in length with the lowest being the smallest. The overall colour is cryptic and tends to be dark brown to mottled light brown, there are occasionally whitish patches on the head and lower flanks, the pectoral and caudal fins are often white with a brown wavy band on the distal part. There are two short tentacles on the chin.[10] This is a small species which reaches a maximum total length of 3.1 cm (1.2 in).[2]
Distribution and habitat
editThe wasp-spine velvetfish is found in the Indo-Pacific region. Its range extends from the South China Sea near Hong Kong, west to the Gulf of Thailand and southeastern India and east to Indonesia, Vietnam, eastern Papua New Guinea and south to Australia.[1] Its Australian distribution is localised with scattered records from Whitfords Beach near Kallaroo in Western Australia, around the tropical northern coasts to the Whitsunday Islands in Queensland.[10] This demersal species can be found at depths between 5 and 60 m (16 and 197 ft), living in the interstices on rocky and coral-rubble bottoms, bottoms with coralline algae, or within vegetation.[2]
References
edit- ^ a b Motomura, H.; Matsuura, K. & Khan, M. (2018). "Acanthosphex leurynnis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T114155281A114155332. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T114155281A114155332.en. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
- ^ a b c d Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Acanthosphex leurynnis". FishBase. February 2022 version.
- ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Acanthosphex". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences.
- ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Aploactininae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
- ^ J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 468–475. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
- ^ Smith, W. Leo; Smith, Elizabeth; Richardson, Clara (February 2018). "Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Flatheads, Scorpionfishes, Sea Robins, and Stonefishes (Percomorpha: Scorpaeniformes) and the Evolution of the Lachrymal Saber". Copeia. 106 (1): 94–119. doi:10.1643/CG-17-669. S2CID 91157582.
- ^ Willingham, AJ (13 April 2018). "Stonefish are already scary, and now scientists have found they have switchblades in their heads". CNN.
- ^ Ricardo Betancur-R; Edward O. Wiley; Gloria Arratia; et al. (2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (162): 162. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. PMC 5501477. PMID 28683774.
- ^ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (10 March 2022). "Order Perciformes (Part 10): Suborder Scorpaenoidei: Families Apistidae, Tetrarogidae, Synanceiidae, Aploacrinidae, Perryenidae, Eschmeyeridae, Pataecidae, Gnathanacanthidae, Congiopodidae and Zanclorhynchidae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
- ^ a b Bray, D.J. (2020). "Acanthosphex leurynnis". Fishes of Australia. Museums Victoria. Retrieved 22 April 2022.