The Act of Free Choice (Indonesian: Penentuan Pendapat Rakyat, PEPERA, Determination of the People‘s Opinion) was a controversial plebiscite held between 14 July and 2 August 1969 in which 1,025 people selected by the Indonesian military in Western New Guinea voted unanimously in favor of Indonesian control.[1][2]
The event was mentioned by the United Nations in General Assembly resolution 2504 (XXIV) without giving an opinion whether it complied with the authorizing New York Agreement, and without giving an opinion whether it was an act of "self-determination" as referred to and described in United Nations General Assembly resolutions 1514 and 1541 (XV) respectively.[citation needed] The event is sometimes disparagingly referred to as the "Act of No Choice"[3] because of its controversial process.
Background
editThe referendum and its conduct had been specified in the New York Agreement; Article 17 of which in part says:
"Indonesia will invite the Secretary-General to appoint a Representative who" ... "will carry out Secretary-General's responsibilities to advise, assist, and participate in arrangements which are the responsibility of Indonesia for the act of free choice. The Secretary-General will, at the proper time, appoint the United Nations Representative in order that he and his staff may assume their duties in the territory one year prior to the self-determination." ... "The United Nations Representative and his staff will have the same freedom of movement as provided for the personnel referred to in Article XVI".
The agreement continues with Article 18:
Article XVIII
Indonesia will make arrangements, with the assistance and participation of the United Nations Representative and his staff, to give the people of the territory, the opportunity to exercise freedom of choice. Such arrangements will include:
- a. Consultation (musyawarah) with the representative councils on procedures and methods to be followed for ascertaining the freely expressed will of the population.
- b. The determination of the actual date of the exercise of free choice within the period established by the present Agreement.
- c. Formulations of the questions in such a way as to permit the inhabitants to decide (a) whether they wish to remain with Indonesia; or (b) whether they wish to sever ties with Indonesia.
- d. The eligibility of all adults, male and female, not foreign nationals to participate in the act of self-determination to be carried out in accordance with international practice, who are resident at the time of the signing of the present Agreement, including those residents who departed after 1945 and who returned to the territory to resume residence after the termination of the Netherlands administration.
Process
editUnder Article 17 of the New York Agreement, the plebiscite was not to occur until one year after the arrival of U.N. representative Fernando Ortiz-Sanz (the Bolivian ambassador to the United Nations) in the territory on 22 August 1968. Ortiz-Sanz and his team had to rely on the Indonesian government for housing, resources and transport around the region,[4] and Ortiz-Sanz noted that they were "followed everywhere" by Indonesian officials in a way that restrained them from talking with the local Papuans.[5]
| Date | Location | Number of Electors |
|---|---|---|
| 14 July 1969 | Merauke | 175 |
| 16 July 1969 | Wamena | 175 |
| 19 July 1969 | Nabire | 175 |
| 23 July 1969 | Fak-Fak | 75 |
| 26 July 1969 | Sorong | 110 |
| 29 July 1969 | Manokwari | 75 |
| 31 July 1969 | Biak | 130 |
| 2 August 1969 | Djajapura | 110 |
The New York Agreement specified that all men and women in Papua who were not foreign nationals had the right to vote in the Act. General Sarwo Edhi Wibowo instead selected 1,025 Melanesian men and women[5] out of an estimated population of 800,000 as the Western New Guinea representatives for the vote,[2][6] which was conducted across eight regencies over three weeks. Electors were asked to vote by raising their hands or reading from prepared scripts, in a display for United Nations observers. They voted publicly and unanimously in favour of Indonesian control.
According to Hugh Lunn, a journalist from Reuters, men who were selected for the vote were coerced into voting against independence with threats of violence against their persons and their families.[1][2][7] Lunn also claims that outside the assembly, Papuan youths protesting the vote were thrown into army trucks and driven away, and that he, as the only foreign journalist, was threatened at gunpoint for taking photos of the demonstration.[5] The men and women who voted were instructed beforehand by the Indonesian military's Special Operations Section exactly what to say during the plebiscite, and unsurprisingly reproduced nearly the exact same opinions with the exact same wording — that the Papuans had considered themselves Indonesian since 1945, and were to be one people with the Indonesians under the Indonesian flag.[5] Despite this, Ortiz-Sanz's UN team in 1969 estimated that 95% of the Papuans supported independence. A British journalist who visited the region in an early 1968 visit claimed that he spoke to 300-400 West Papuans, and none of them supported a merger with Indonesia, noting that the Papuans seemed to loathe the Indonesians.[5] Contemporary diplomatic cables showed American diplomats suspecting that Indonesia could not have won a fair vote, and also suspecting that the vote was not implemented freely, but the diplomats saw the event as a "foregone conclusion" and "marginal to U.S. interests".[8] Ortiz-Sanz wrote in his report that "an act of free choice has taken place in accordance with Indonesian practice”, but not confirming that it was in accordance with international practice as the Act of Free Choice had required.[9]
The United Nations took note of the results with General Assembly Resolution 2504.[6]
Aftermath
editDemands for a revote
editThe Act of Free Choice has sometimes been criticized as the "act of no choice",[8] and many independence activists continuously protest for a fresh referendum for every single Papuan. After the fall of Suharto in 1998, human rights activist Archbishop Desmond Tutu and some American and European parliamentarians requested United Nations Secretary Kofi Annan to review the United Nations' role in the vote and the validity of the Act of Free Choice.[8] The Indonesian government's position is that the United Nations' noting of the results validates it.[10][citation needed]
A new referendum is supported by many organisations including the indigenous Free Papua Movement (OPM), and the Free West Papua Campaign[11] which work to provide West Papuans with self-determination and full independence from Indonesian rule.
Monuments
edit
Monuments commemorating the event are built in Jayapura, Papua and Merauke, South Papua. They were inaugurated by President Suharto on 16 and 17 September 1969, respectively.[12][13]
See also
editBibliography
edit- The United Nations and the Indonesian Takeover of West Papua, 1962–1969: Anatomy of a Betrayal by John Saltford (2002) ISBN 0-415-40625-0 (pdf 3.4 MB)
- Drooglever, Pieter J.: Een Daad van Vrije Keuze: De Papoea's van Westelijke Nieuw-Guinea en de grenzen van het zelfbeschikkingsrecht. Uitgeverij Boom, Amsterdam, 2005. ISBN 90-8506-178-4 (Summary)
References
edit- ^ a b "Breaking Free From Betrayal". New Internationalist. November 5, 1999. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
- ^ a b c "48 years since the Act of No Choice". Free West Papua Campaign. August 2, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
- ^ Clarke, Tom (2017-10-09). "West Papua petition: Australia made a human rights promise that's about to be tested – ABC News (Australia)". Abc.net.au. Retrieved 2018-04-14.
- ^ Kluge, Emma (2 Dec 2019). "West Papua and the International History of Decolonization, 1961-69". The International History Review. 42: 1155–1172. doi:10.1080/07075332.2019.1694052. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Saltford, John (1 April 2000). "UN Involvement with the Act of Self Determination in West Irian (Indonesian West New Guinea) 1968 to 1969". Indonesia. 69. Cornell Modern Indonesia Project: 71–92. doi:10.2307/3351277. hdl:1813/54197. Archived from the original on December 4, 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
- ^ a b "Act of Free Choice". West Papua Information Kit. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
- ^ "West Papua's 'Act of Free Choice' – 45 years on". The Ecologist. The Resurgence Trust. March 7, 2014. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
- ^ a b c Simpson, Brad, ed. (2004-07-09). "Indonesia's 1969 Takeover of West Papua Not by "Free Choice"". National Security Archive. Archived from the original on 6 January 2011. Retrieved 2010-12-28.
- ^ [29 Id. At 44–45. 30 BUDIARDJO & LIONG, WEST PAPUA, supra note 10, at 24–26. See also OSBORNE, INDONESIA’S SECRET WAR, supra note 4, at 46–48.]
- ^ Hidayat, Mochamad S. (Summer 2003). "The Act of Free Choice: a retrospective look". New York.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Free West Papua Campaign
- ^ Guswardhani, Shinta (2019). "Monumen Tugu Pepera, Bergabungnya Papua dalam NKRI". antvklik. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
- ^ Indrajaya, Dimas Wahyu (2020). "Sejarah Hari Ini (17 September 1969) - Tugu Pepera di Merauke, Monumen Peringatan Irian Barat Menyatu dengan NKRI". Good News from Indonesia. Retrieved 29 March 2021.