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Dzongkha

(Redirected from Adap language)
Not to be confused with Tsonga language or Dzongka.

Dzongkha (རྫོང་ཁ་; [d͡zòŋkʰɑ́]) is a Tibeto-Burman language that is the official and national language of Bhutan.[3] It is written using the Tibetan script.

Dzongkha
Bhutanese
རྫོང་ཁ་
Native toBhutan
EthnicityNgalop people
Native speakers
171,080 (2013)[1]
Total speakers: 640,000[2]
Early forms
Dialects
Tibetan script
Dzongkha Braille
Official status
Official language in
 Bhutan
Regulated byDzongkha Development Commission
Language codes
ISO 639-1dz
ISO 639-2dzo
ISO 639-3dzo
Glottolognucl1307
Linguasphere70-AAA-bf
Map of where the Dzongkha language is spoken natively
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
This article contains Tibetan script. Without proper rendering support, you may see very small fonts, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Tibetan characters.
Jakar Dzong, representative of the distinct dzong architecture from which Dzongkha gets its name

The word dzongkha means "the language of the fortress", from dzong "fortress" and kha "language". As of 2013, Dzongkha had 171,080 native speakers and about 640,000 total speakers.[2]

Dzongkha is a South Tibetic language. It is closely related to Laya and Lunana and partially intelligible with Sikkimese, and to some other Bhutanese languages such as Chocha Ngacha, Brokpa, Brokkat and Lakha. It has a more distant relationship to Standard Tibetan. Spoken Dzongkha and Tibetan are around 50 to 80 percent mutually intelligible.

Usage

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Dzongkha and its dialects are the native tongue of eight western districts of Bhutan (viz. Wangdue Phodrang, Punakha, Thimphu, Gasa, Paro, Ha, Dagana and Chukha).[4] There are also some native speakers near the Indian town of Kalimpong, once part of Bhutan but now in North Bengal, and in Sikkim.

Dzongkha was declared the national language of Bhutan in 1971.[5] Dzongkha study is mandatory in all schools, and the language is the lingua franca in the districts to the south and east where it is not the mother tongue. The Bhutanese films Travellers and Magicians (2003) and Lunana: A Yak in the Classroom (2019) are in Dzongkha.

Writing system

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Main articles: Tibetan script, Roman Dzongkha, Dzongkha numerals, and Dzongkha Braille
 
The word "Dzongkha" in Jôyi, a Bhutanese form of the Uchen script

The Tibetan script used to write Dzongkha has thirty basic letters, sometimes known as "radicals", for consonants. Dzongkha is usually written in Bhutanese forms of the Uchen script, forms of the Tibetan script known as Jôyi "cursive longhand" and Jôtshum "formal longhand". The print form is known simply as Tshûm.[6]

Romanization

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There are various systems of romanization and transliteration for Dzongkha, but none accurately represents its phonetic sound.[7] The Bhutanese government adopted a transcription system known as Roman Dzongkha, devised by the linguist George van Driem, as its standard in 1991.[5]

Phonology

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Tones

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Dzongkha is a tonal language and has two register tones: high and low.[8] The tone of a syllable determines the allophone of the onset and the phonation type of the nuclear vowel.[9]

Consonants

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Consonant phonemes
Bilabial Dental/
alveolar 		Retroflex/
palatal 		Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Stop plain p t ʈ k
aspirated pʰ tʰ ʈʰ kʰ
Affricate plain ts tɕ
aspirated tsʰ tɕʰ
Sibilant s ɕ
Rhotic r
Continuant ɬ  l j w h

All consonants may begin a syllable. In the onsets of low-tone syllables, consonants are voiced.[9] Aspirated consonants (indicated by the superscript h), /ɬ/, and /h/ are not found in low-tone syllables.[9] The rhotic /r/ is usually a trill [r] or a fricative trill [r̝],[8] and is voiceless in the onsets of high-tone syllables.[9]

/t, tʰ, ts, tsʰ, s/ are dental.[8] Descriptions of the palatal affricates and fricatives vary from alveolo-palatal to plain palatal.[8][10][9]

Only a few consonants are found in syllable-final positions. Most common among them are /m, n, p/.[9] Syllable-final /ŋ/ is often elided and results in the preceding vowel nasalized and prolonged, especially word-finally.[11][9] Syllable-final /k/ is most often omitted when word-final as well, unless in formal speech.[9] In literary pronunciation, liquids /r/ and /l/ may also end a syllable.[8] Though rare, /ɕ/ is also found in syllable-final positions.[8][9] No other consonants are found in syllable-final positions.

Vowels

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Vowel phonemes
Front Back
Close i  iː  yː u  uː
Mid e  eː  øː o  oː
Open ɛː ɑ  ɑː
  • When in low tone, vowels are produced with breathy voice.[8][11]
  • In closed syllables, /i/ varies between [i] and [ɪ], the latter being more common.[8][9]
  • /yː/ varies between [yː] and [ʏː].[8]
  • /e/ varies between close-mid [e] and open-mid [ɛ], the latter being common in closed syllables. /eː/ is close-mid [eː]. /eː/ may not be longer than /e/ at all, and differs from /e/ more often in quality than in length.[8]
  • Descriptions of /øː/ vary between close-mid [øː] and open-mid [œː].[8][9]
  • /o/ is close-mid [o], but may approach open-mid [ɔ] especially in closed syllables. /oː/ is close-mid [oː].[8]
  • /ɛː/ is slightly lower than open-mid, i.e. [ɛ̞ː].[8]
  • /ɑ/ may approach [ɐ], especially in closed syllables.[8][9]
  • When nasalized or followed by [ŋ], vowels are always long.[11][9]

Phonotactics

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Many words in Dzongkha are monosyllabic.[9] Syllables usually take the form of CVC, CV, or VC.[9] Syllables with complex onsets are also found, but such an onset must be a combination of an unaspirated bilabial stop and a palatal affricate.[9] The bilabial stops in complex onsets are often omitted in colloquial speech.[9]

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Dzongkha is considered a South Tibetic language. It is closely related to and partially intelligible with Sikkimese, and to some other Bhutanese languages such as Chocha Ngacha, Brokpa, Brokkat and Lakha.

Dzongkha bears a close linguistic relationship to J'umowa, which is spoken in the Chumbi Valley of Southern Tibet.[12] It has a much more distant relationship to Standard Tibetan. Spoken Dzongkha and Tibetan are around 50% to 80% mutually intelligible, with the literary forms of both highly influenced by the liturgical (clerical) Classical Tibetan language, known in Bhutan as Chöke, which has been used for centuries by Buddhist monks. Chöke was used as the language of education in Bhutan until the early 1960s when it was replaced by Dzongkha in public schools.[13]

Although descended from Classical Tibetan, Dzongkha shows a great many irregularities in sound changes that make the official spelling and standard pronunciation more distant from each other than is the case with Standard Tibetan. "Traditional orthography and modern phonology are two distinct systems operating by a distinct set of rules."[14]

Vocabulary

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The following is a sample vocabulary:[15]

Dzongkha
Dzongkha Transliteration (Wylie) Pronunciation (Roman Dzongkha) Meaning
སྟག​་ stag tâ tiger
སྟོན​​་ ston tön to teach
སྤྱིན​་ spyin pcing glue
རྟིངམ​​་ rtingma tîm heel
མིང​་ ming meng name
སྨོ་ཤིག​་ smo shig 'mosh isn't it so?

Grammar

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Main article: Dzongkha grammar

Sample text

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The following is a sample text in Dzongkha of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

འགྲོ་

’Gro-

བ་

ba-

མི་

mi-

རིགས་

rigs-

ག་

ga-

ར་

ra-

དབང་

dbaṅ-

ཆ་

cha-

འདྲ་

’dra-

མཏམ་

mtam-

འབད་

’bad-

སྒྱེཝ་

sgyew-

ལས་

las-

ག་

ga-

ར་

ra-

གིས་

gis-

གཅིག་

gcig-

ལུ་

lu-

སྤུན་

spun-

ཆའི་

cha’i-

དམ་

dam-

ཚིག་

tshig-

བསྟན་

bstan-

དགོ།

dgo

འགྲོ་ བ་ མི་ རིགས་ ག་ ར་ དབང་ ཆ་ འདྲ་ མཏམ་ འབད་ སྒྱེཝ་ ལས་ ག་ ར་ གིས་ གཅིག་ ལུ་ སྤུན་ ཆའི་ དམ་ ཚིག་ བསྟན་ དགོ།

’Gro- ba- mi- rigs- ga- ra- dbaṅ- cha- ’dra- mtam- ’bad- sgyew- las- ga- ra- gis- gcig- lu- spun- cha’i- dam- tshig- bstan- dgo

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.[16]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Dzongkha at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ a b "How many people speak Dzongkha?". languagecomparison.com. Retrieved 2018-03-15.
  3. ^ "Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan. Art. 1, § 8" (PDF). Government of Bhutan. 2008-07-18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
  4. ^ van Driem, George; Tshering of Gaselô, Karma (1998). Dzongkha. Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region. Vol. I. Leiden, The Netherlands: Research CNWS, School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies, Leiden University. p. 3. ISBN 90-5789-002-X.
  5. ^ a b van Driem (1991)
  6. ^ Driem, George van (1998). Dzongkha = Rdoṅ-kha. Leiden: Research School, CNWS. p. 47. ISBN 90-5789-002-X.
  7. ^ See for instance Report on the current status of the United Nations romanization systems for geographical names: Tibetan Report on the current status of the United Nations romanization systems for geographical names: Dzongkha
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n van Driem (1992).
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Downs (2011).
  10. ^ Michailovsky & Mazaudon (1989).
  11. ^ a b c van Driem (1994).
  12. ^ van Driem, George (2007). "Endangered Languages of Bhutan and Sikkim: South Bodish Languages". In Moseley, Christopher (ed.). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. Routledge. p. 294. ISBN 978-0-7007-1197-0.
  13. ^ van Driem, George; Tshering of Gaselô, Karma (1998). Dzongkha. Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region. Vol. I. Leiden, The Netherlands: Research CNWS, School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies, Leiden University. pp. 7–8. ISBN 90-5789-002-X.
  14. ^ Driem, George van (1998). Dzongkha = Rdoṅ-kha. Leiden: Research School, CNWS. p. 110. ISBN 90-5789-002-X. Traditional orthography and modern phonology are two distinct systems operating by a distinct set of rules.
  15. ^ Driem, George van (1992). The Grammar of Dzongkha. Thimphu, Bhutan: Dzongkha Development Commission of the Royal Government of Bhutan.
  16. ^ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1) in Sino-Tibetan languages". omniglot.com.

Bibliography

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Dzongkha edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dzongkha language.
 
Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Dzongkha.

Vocabulary

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Grammar

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