The close front unrounded vowel, or high front unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound that occurs in most spoken languages, represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet by the symbol i. It is similar to the vowel sound in the English word meet—and often called long-e in American English.[2] Although in English this sound has additional length (usually being represented as /iː/) and is not normally pronounced as a pure vowel (it is a slight diphthong), some dialects have been reported to pronounce the phoneme as a pure sound.[3] A pure [i] sound is also heard in many other languages, such as French, in words like chic.
| Close front unrounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| i | |
| IPA number | 301 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | i |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0069 |
| X-SAMPA | i |
| Braille |  |
| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Legend: unrounded • rounded |
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The close front unrounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the palatal approximant [j]. They alternate with each other in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages, [i̯] with the non-syllabic diacritic and [j] are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound.
Languages that use the Latin script commonly use the letter ⟨i⟩ to represent this sound, though there are some exceptions: in English orthography that letter is usually associated with /aɪ/ (as in bite) or /ɪ/ (as in bit), and /iː/ is more commonly represented by ⟨e⟩, ⟨ea⟩, ⟨ee⟩, ⟨ie⟩ or ⟨ei⟩, as in the words scene, bean, meet, niece, conceive; (see Great Vowel Shift). Irish orthography reflects both etymology and whether preceding consonants are broad or slender, so such combinations as ⟨aí⟩, ⟨ei⟩, and ⟨aío⟩ all represent /iː/.
Features
edit- Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans[4] | dief | [dif] | 'thief' | See Afrikaans phonology | |
| Arabic | Standard[5] | دين/diin | [d̪iːn] | 'religion' | See Arabic phonology |
| Catalan[6] | sic | [ˈsik] | 'sic' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Mandarin[7][8] | 七 / qī | 'seven' | See Standard Chinese phonology | |
| Chuvash | çип | [ɕ̬ip] | 'thread' | ||
| Czech[9][10] | bílý | 'white' | See Czech phonology | ||
| Dutch[11][12] | biet | 'beet' | See Dutch phonology | ||
| English[13] | Most dialects | free | 'free' | Depending on dialect, can be pronounced as [ɪi]. See English phonology | |
| Australian[14] | bit | [bit] | 'bit' | Also described as near-close front [ɪ̟].[15] See Australian English phonology | |
| French[16][17] | fini | [fini] | 'finished' | See French phonology | |
| German[18][19] | Ziel | 'goal' | See Standard German phonology | ||
| Greek | Modern Standard[20][21] | κήπος / kípos | [ˈc̠ipo̞s̠] | 'garden' | See Modern Greek phonology |
| Hebrew[citation needed] | Modern Standard | חשיבה | [χäʃivä] | 'thinking' | See Modern Hebrew phonology |
| Hungarian[22] | ív | [iːv] | 'arch' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Italian[23] | bile | [ˈbiːle̞] | 'rage' | See Italian phonology | |
| Japanese[24] | 銀/gin | 'silver' | See Japanese phonology | ||
| Khmer | លទ្ធិ / lôtthĭ | [lattʰiʔ] | 'doctrine' | See Khmer phonology | |
| Korean[25] | 아이 / ai | [ɐi] | 'child' | See Korean phonology | |
| Kurdish[26][27] | Kurmanji (Northern) | şîr | [ʃiːɾ] | 'milk' | See Kurdish phonology |
| Sorani (Central) | شیر/şîr | ||||
| Palewani (Southern) | |||||
| Lithuanian | vyras | [viːrɐs̪] | 'man' | See Lithuanian orthography | |
| Malay | Malaysian Malay | ikut | [i.kʊt] | 'to follow' | See Malay phonology |
| Malayalam | ഇല | [ilɐ] | 'leaf' | See Malayalam phonology | |
| Mpade[28] | fli | [fli] | 'monkey' | ||
| Polish[29] | miś | 'teddy bear' | See Polish phonology | ||
| Portuguese[30] | fino | 'thin' | Also occurs as an unstressed allophone of other vowels. May be represented by ⟨y⟩. See Portuguese phonology | ||
| Romanian[31] | insulă | [ˈin̪s̪ulə] | 'island' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Rungus[32] | rikot | [ˈri.kot] | 'to come' | ||
| Russian[33] | лист/list | 'leaf' | Only occurs word-initially or after palatalized consonants. See Russian phonology | ||
| Serbo-Croatian[34] | виле / vile | [ʋîle̞] | 'hayfork' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Spanish[35] | tipo | [ˈt̪ipo̞] | 'type' | May also be represented by ⟨y⟩. See Spanish phonology | |
| Sotho[36] | ho bitsa | [huˌbit͡sʼɑ̈] | 'to call' | Contrasts close, near-close and close-mid front unrounded vowels.[36] See Sotho phonology | |
| Swedish | Central Standard[37][38] | bli | [bliː] | 'to become' | Often realized as a sequence [ij] or [iʝ] (hear the word: ); it may also be fricated [iᶻː] or, in some regions, fricated and centralized ([ɨᶻː]).[38][39] See Swedish phonology |
| Tagalog | ibon | [ˈʔibɔn] | 'bird' | ||
| Thai[40] | กริช/krit | [krìt] | 'dagger' | ||
| Turkish[41][42] | ip | [ip] | 'rope' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Ukrainian[43] | місто/misto | ['misto] | 'city, town' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Welsh | es i | [eːs iː] | 'I went' | See Welsh phonology | |
| Yoruba[44] | síbí | [síbí] | 'spoon' | ||
Notes
edit- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ Maddox, Maeve (18 September 2007). "DailyWritingTips: The Six Spellings of "Long E"". www.dailywritingtips.com. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
- ^ Labov, William; Sharon, Ash; Boberg, Charles (2006). The Atlas of North American English. Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter. chpt. 17. ISBN 978-3-11-016746-7.
- ^ Donaldson (1993), p. 2.
- ^ Thelwall (1990), p. 38.
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
- ^ Lee & Zee (2003), p. 110.
- ^ Duanmu (2007), pp. 35–36.
- ^ Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
- ^ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 228.
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
- ^ Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
- ^ Roach (2004), p. 240.
- ^ Cox & Palethorpe (2007), p. 344.
- ^ Cox & Fletcher (2017), p. 65.
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
- ^ Hall (2003), pp. 78, 107.
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
- ^ Arvaniti (2007), p. 28.
- ^ Trudgill (2009), p. 81.
- ^ Szende (1994), p. 92.
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
- ^ Okada (1999), p. 117.
- ^ Lee (1999), p. 121.
- ^ Thackston (2006a), p. 1.
- ^ Khan & Lescot (1970), pp. 8–16.
- ^ Allison (2006).
- ^ Jassem (2003), p. 105.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 92.
- ^ Sarlin (2014), p. 18.
- ^ Forschner, T. A. (December 1994). Outline of A Momogun Grammar (Rungus Dialect) (PDF). Kudat. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2020.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 30.
- ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 256.
- ^ a b Doke & Mofokeng (1974), p. ?.
- ^ Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
- ^ a b Riad (2014), p. 21.
- ^ Engstrand (1999), p. 141.
- ^ Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993), p. 24.
- ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
- ^ Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 10.
- ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
- ^ Bamgboṣe (1966), p. 166.
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