Adela Xenopol (1861–1939) was a Romanian feminist and writer. She published both literary works and feminist tracts, founding several magazines. In 1914, just prior to the advent of World War I she and other feminists presented a petition for women's suffrage to the Romanian Parliament. In 1925, she founded the Society of Romanian Women Writers to encourage women to publish their works and the following year founded an influential journal as the publishing arm of the society which published works by both women and men on feminist topics.
Adela Xenopol | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 1861 |
| Died | 1939 (aged 77–78) |
| Nationality | Romanian |
| Occupation(s) | writer, feminist |
| Years active | 1879–1928 |
Early life
editAdela Xenopol was born in 1861, in Iași, the capital of the Western Moldavia region, to a family of intellectuals.[1] The family's origins were Jewish from the father's side and Greek from the mother's side.[2] After her father was denied the right to marry the woman he had chosen, the couple ran away and boarded a ship. The fiancée was lost at sea, but Dimitrie was rescued by fishermen and put ashore in Norway or Sweden, where he spent time before moving to Constantinople. From there, Dimitrie made his way Galați, where he was converted from Protestantism to Orthodoxy and adopted the surname Csenopolu, meaning foreigner, which was later changed to Xenopol.[3] After his arrival in Romania, Dimitrie married Maria Vasiliu, daughter of a shingle maker and became a clerk at the Prussian Consulate in Iași.[4][5] The couple had six children, including Alexandru, who would become a historian; Filip, later a noted architect; Maria; Nicolae, who would develop into a statesman;[1][5][6] Lucreția, later a secondary school teacher and the first woman admitted to the Geographical Society of Bucharest;[7] and Adela.[1] Xenopol was educated abroad, in Paris taking classes at the Collège de France and became one of the first women to audit courses at the Sorbonne.[1][5]
Career
editAfter completing her education, Xenopol returned to Iași and began a career as a writer. Her first published work, Chestiunea femeilor (The Woman Question), was published in Femeia Română (Romanian Woman) in January 1879. The article focused on liberal feminist ideals and the elimination of legal and moral restrictions which subjugated women's rights and made the subordinate to men.[1] In addition to feminist tracts, she published lyric pieces in the Suceava journal, Revista politică (Political Magazine, 1886) and then published Versuri și istorisiri (Lyrics and Stories) in Iași in 1888.[5] She founded the monthly magazine Dochia in Bucharest in 1896[8] and then between 1896 and 1898, she served as its editor of the monthly journal Dochia, a women's rights publication. Xenopol solicited articles from leading cultural figures including Maria Cunțan, Smaranda Gheorghiu, Cornelia Kernbach, Cincinat Pavelescu, Elena Sevastos, Vasile Urechia, among others to provoke debate on women's place in society. She supported emancipation in economic, intellectual, legal and political spheres.[9]
Xenopol published Între sfinți. Comedie într'un act (Among Saints. A comedy in one act) in 1902 in Iași and the following year, Spre lumină (To the light) in Bucharest.[10] Between 1905 and 1906, she edited Românca (The Romanian Woman) in Bucharest[8] and in 1910, published in Paris a collection of works in French, Comédies. Tableaux de la vie roumaine (Comedies. Short stories of Romanian life). The collection included the stories "Un conflict céleste" (A heavenly conflict); "Aux Eaux" (To the Waters); "La Boite aux Lettres" (The Box of Letters); "Le Poète" (The Poet); "Entre Artistes" (Between Artists); "Le Revenant" (The Ghost); "La Fille aux Mains d'Ouate" (The Girl with Hands of Wadding); "Le Trésor" (The Treasure); "Bois, pourquoi te Balancer?" (Wood, why Balance?); "Romance"; and "Paroles et Musique" (Lyrics and Music). Another French work published in 1910 in Geneva was Education et religion. Essai sur l'origine du Christianisme (Education and religion. Essay on the origin of Christianity).[10]
Between 1912 and 1916, Xenopol edited Viitorul româncelor (The Future of Romanian Women).[8] In 1913, she published the historical novel Pe urma războiului Roman (After the Roman War)[5][10] and in 1914 she led a group of other feminists in presenting a petition to the Romanian Parliament requesting women's suffrage. As the women were aware their concerns would be opposed by those politicians who felt women were unprepared to be active participants in society, the petition tempered their demand, asking for the right to vote for intellectual women and apply to local elections. Due to concerns over World War I, politicians did not take the petition seriously.[5][11] Though she supported the participation of Romania in the war as a nationalist, she favored pacifism and throughout the war, spoke against conquest and in favor of equal rights citizens as a way to achieve peace.[11]
Xenopol published her second historical novel, Uragan in 1922.[5] In 1925, she founded the Society of Romanian Women Writers (Romanian: Societatea Scriitoarelor Române), as an organization to encourage women to publish their works. The following year, she founded a journal for the society,[11] Revista scriitoarei (The Woman Writer's Journal) and served as the editor-in-chief through 1928.[8] The journal featured portraits of prominent feminists like Maria Baiulescu, Alexandrina Cantacuzino, Elena Văcărescu and published works by prominent male literary figures, as well as women. Some of the women who wrote for the journal included Constanța Hodoș, Mărgărita Miller-Verghy, Sofia Nădejde, Hortensia Papadat-Bengescu, and Izabela Sadoveanu-Evan, among others.[11] She published Prin Cetatea Carpaților (Through the Carpathian Fortress) in Bucharest in 1928 with the Royal Court Press.[12]
Death and legacy
editXenopol died on 10 May 1939 and with her death, the Romanian feminist and democratic movements lost one of their most ardent proponents.[13]
References
editCitations
edit- ^ a b c d e Mihăilescu 2006, p. 613.
- ^ Iancu 2000, p. 154.
- ^ Hiemstra 2016, pp. 27–28.
- ^ Hiemstra 2016, p. 28.
- ^ a b c d e f g Marcu & Ilinca 2009.
- ^ Vorovenci 2011, p. 652.
- ^ Familia 1891, p. 626.
- ^ a b c d Universidad Complutense 2012.
- ^ Mihăilescu 2006, pp. 613–614.
- ^ a b c Biblioteca Academiei Române 2010.
- ^ a b c d Mihăilescu 2006, p. 614.
- ^ Cuharciuc 2013, p. 23.
- ^ Mihăilescu 2006, p. 615.
Bibliography
edit- Cuharciuc, Valentina (2013). Condiția Intelectuală a Femeii în Transilvania Secolelor XIX și XX [The Intellectual Condition of Women in Transylvania in the 19th and 20th Centuries] (Report) (in Romanian). Cluj-Napoca, Romania: Babeș-Bolyai University.
- Hiemstra, Paul A. (2016). Alexandru D. Xenopol and the Development of Romanian Historiography. London, England: Routledge, Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-24341-0.
- Marcu, George; Ilinca, Rodica (2009). "Adela Xenopol". Dicționarul personalităților feminine din România [Dictionary of Romanian Female Figures] (in Romanian). București, Romania: Meronia. ISBN 978-973-7839-55-8. Retrieved 27 April 2017 – via Enciclopediaromaniei.ro.
- Iancu, Carol (2000). Evreii din România, 1919-1938: de la emancipare la marginalizare (in Romanian). Editura Hasefer. ISBN 978-973-8056-01-5.
- Mihăilescu, Ștefania (2006). "Xenopol, Adela (1861–1939)". In de Haan, Francisca; Daskalova, Krasimira; Loutfi, Anna (eds.). Biographical Dictionary of Women's Movements and Feminisms in Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe: 19th and 20th Centuries. Budapest, Hungary: Central European University Press. pp. 613–615. ISBN 978-963-7326-39-4 – via Project MUSE.
- Vorovenci, Ion (June 2011). "Nicolae D. Xenopol–the Founder of the Academy of High Commercial and Industrial Studies of Bucharest" (PDF). Amfiteatru Economic. 13 (30). Bucharest, Romania: Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies: 652–657. ISSN 1582-9146. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
- "Abstracts: Intellectual Women's Space in the Late-Nineteenth Century Romanian Print Journalism". Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Madrid, Spain: Grupo de Investigación L.E.E.T.Hi. (Literaturas Españolas y Europeas del Texto al Hipermedia). 2012. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
- "Bibliografia românească modernă: Autori-Litera X: Xenopol, Adela (1861-1939)" [Modern Romanian Bibliography: Authors-Letter X: Xenopol, Adela (1861-1939)]. Biblioteca Academiei Române (in Romanian). Bucharest, Romania: Bibliografia Naţională Retrospectivă. 2010. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
- "Ce e Nou?" [What is new?] (PDF). Familia (in Romanian). 27 (52). Bucharest, Romania: Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies: 626. 1891. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017.