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South Asians in the Netherlands

(Redirected from Afghans in the Netherlands)

South Asians in the Netherlands (Dutch: Zuid-Aziaten in Nederland), also referred to as South Asian Dutch (Zuid-Aziatische Nederlanders) or Dutch South Asians (Nederlandse Zuid-Aziaten), are citizens or residents of the Netherlands whose ancestry traces back to South Asia. They are a subcategory of Dutch Asians.

South Asians in the Netherlands
Total population
Surinamese – 200,000 (Indo-Surinamese only)
Indian – 65,399
Afghan – 54,991
Pakistani – 27,261
Sri Lankan – 14,708
Bangladeshi – 3,504
Nepalese – 2,652
Bhutanese – 342
Maldivians – 39
All figures are the 2022 CBS population estimates for the Netherlands, except the estimates of the Indo-Surinamese population.[1][2]
Regions with significant populations
Languages
Religion
Majority:
Significant Minority:
Other Minority:
Related ethnic groups

The majority of the South Asian community in the Netherlands are Indo-Caribbean and migrated mainly from Suriname, a former Dutch colony in the Caribbean and South America. There is a smaller amount of South Asians, coming directly from South Asia, mainly from India, Pakistan and Afghanistan.[3] South Asians in the Netherlands retain their cultural and religious identities, with many establishing their own communities while also integrating into Dutch society.

History

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The initial South Asian settlers in the Netherlands were Indian traders, small-scale entrepreneurs, and textile industry workers from Punjab who arrived in the 1940s and 1950s.[4] In the 1970s, Pakistanis migrated followed by smaller groups of Indians and Sri Lankans, including those fleeing Uganda during the Asian expulsion. Early migrants primarily sought employment, often working in unskilled jobs.[5] Between the 1980s and 2002, Afghan refugees and Sri Lankan Tamils left violence in their native countries and immigrated to the Netherlands.[6][7]

However, most people of South Asian descent in the Netherlands as of 2022 are primarily of Indo-Surinamese descent, known locally as Hindustanis. After the independence of Suriname in 1975, many Indo-Surinamese people migrated to the Netherlands and became Dutch residents. A significant number of them settled in The Hague and other large Dutch cities. In 1980, there was a military coup in Suriname, which caused another wave of Indo-Surinamese migrants.[4]

Afghans

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Afghans in the Netherlands are Dutch citizens and non-citizen residents born in, or with ancestors from, Afghanistan. In 2014, 44,000 Dutch Afghans resided in the Netherlands, one of the largest Afghan diaspora communities[8] as well as one of the main Asian communities in the Netherlands. Most of the first generation immigrants settled in the Netherlands between 1992 and 2001.[9]

History

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Afghan refugees began entering into the Netherlands in the late 1980s, fleeing violence in their homeland.[10] In the decade up to 2002, the Netherlands was the second-most popular destination in Europe for Afghan asylum-seekers, behind Germany; they made up more than 20% of the total of roughly 170,000 applications for asylum filed by Afghans in Europe.[10] The Dutch government settled them in a variety of areas with the policy aim of preventing the formation of large immigrant communities in the cities.[10] The number of asylum requests peaked in 1998.[11]

As a result of the increasing inflow of asylum-seekers, the Dutch government set up a war crimes investigation unit in the late 1990s; the first refugees they charged with war crimes were Heshamuddin Hesam and Habibulla Jalalzoy, both former members of the Afghan intelligence service KHAD during the 1980s Soviet–Afghan War. Their presence, when it became known, evoked a great deal of unrest and fear among the Netherlands' Afghan community.[12] Charged with abusing prisoners in a 2005 trial, they received sentences of 12 and 9 years in prison, respectively.[13]

In 2003, the Netherlands signed a voluntary repatriation agreement with the United Nations High Commission for Refugees and the transitional government of Afghanistan, recognising the right of Afghan refugees in the Netherlands to return to Afghanistan and establishing procedures.[14] However, by 2007, only 800 had returned; most refugees feel that public safety, women's rights, and educational conditions in Afghanistan are insufficient. Young people who choose to return may also encounter language difficulties, as they exhibit language shift towards Dutch and away from Dari.[15]

Integration and community

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According to a publication by Harry van den Tillaart in 2000, the educational level of Afghan migrants in the country is relatively high. A high proportion of second generation Afghan immigrant pupils attended HAVO/VWO schools, 42 percent (by comparison, that of Turkish immigrant pupils was 22 percent). A 2004 study published by Statistics Netherlands (CBS) concluded that there were no major problems regarding integration of Afghans in the Netherlands.[16] It concluded that:

Afghans residing in the Netherlands generally have a fairly Western world view, a liberal view of Islam, and know how to adjust to the Dutch society. The fact remains that the first generation still faces many problems, especially on the psychological level and to find suitable work. Their children are much better, according to the parents themselves. This is confirmed by the good results of the children in school.[11]

Another study in 2017 found that Dutch Afghans (and Dutch Iranians) fared better in school than other foreign backgrounds and almost as well as native Dutch.[17] 22% of Dutch Afghans finished a HBO or WO programme, which are the highest degrees in the Dutch education system, as of 2003.[16]

Afghan migrants to the Netherlands have founded roughly 130 different associations, mostly aimed at maintaining Afghan culture in the Netherlands and providing charitable assistance—especially materials like blankets, food, and furniture—to people and non-governmental organisations in Afghanistan.[18] Afghans form a relatively heterogeneous group both socially and ethnically, with representation of speakers of various languages of Afghanistan and representatives of various political factions in Afghanistan ranging from communists to democrats and Islamic activists; within organisations, most prefer to work with people of a similar background.[19]

A 2003 study showed that Dutch Afghans feel less discriminated against compared to other minority groups. Additionally they were very positive about the prospects they get in the Netherlands, with only Dutch Yugoslavs having a higher rate according to the study.[16] While those that are second generation immigrants have strongly identify with both Dutch and Afghan identities compared to the first generation, they remain attached to activities of Afghan origin, such as news of Afghanistan or listening to Afghan music.[16]

Language

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The Afghan community in the Netherlands often speak their native Dari or Pashto languages, although a report showed 75% of them say they speak Dutch fluently.[16]

Labor

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Afghans consider having a good job to be important, but since many do not achieve their desired occupation status, they feel frustrated and therefore accept lower qualified work. Statistics from 2009 show that there is a large number of entrepreneurs, 5.1% of Dutch Afghans, relatively high compared to other minority groups.[16]

Health issues

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Stress-related illnesses are common among migrants of Afghan background, due to a variety of causes including war, separation from relatives, and uncertainty about their future due to economic and residency permission issues.[20] Differences in the health care systems of Afghanistan and the Netherlands have proven confusing to some refugees. The general practitioner plays a far more important role in the Dutch system.[21] In contrast, in the Afghan system, patients often bypass their family doctor—or in rural areas, village herbalist—to consult specialists in urban areas directly.[22] Mistrust of Dutch doctors is common, possibly stemming from Afghans migrants' general feeling of social exclusion.[21]

Notable people

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Indians

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History

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In 2017, 8,630 Indians immigrated to the Netherlands, ranking as the second largest immigrant group after the Syrians. Most were skilled in information technology and information services.[23][24] Moreover, the number of Indians who came to study in the Netherlands has more than tripled: from 425 migrant students in 2012 to 1,400 migrant students in 2017.[citation needed] Between January and November 2019, 6,322 Indians immigrated to the Netherlands.[25] Around 45 percent of Indian immigrants leave within six months of arriving in the Netherlands.[26]

As of 2019, about 48,724 people of Indian immigrant descent lived in the Netherlands.[27] Most of them live in the provinces of North Holland, South Holland and North Brabant.

From 2016 to 2022 the population of Indians in the Netherlands doubled from 32,682 to 65,399.This number excludes Indo-Surinamese individuals.[28]

Indo-Surinamese

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See also: Surinamese people in the Netherlands

After the abolition of slavery in the Dutch colony of Suriname, the Dutch government signed the Anglo-Dutch Treaties of 1870-1871 with the United Kingdom, which outlined the recruitment of contract workers from British India.[29] Indians began migrating to Suriname in 1873 from what was then British India as indentured labourers, mostly from the modern-day Indian states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and the surrounding regions.[30]

Up until the independence of Suriname in 1975, all the Indo-Surinamese were formally part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and thus owned a Dutch passport. After the independence a significant portion of the Indo-Surinamese population migrated to the Netherlands, thereby retaining their Dutch passport. Currently there are more than 120,000 Indo-Surinamese living in the Netherlands, of which the majority, about 50,000, in The Hague and surroundings.[citation needed]

Indo-Surinamese are also known in both the Netherlands and Suriname by the Dutch term Hindoestanen, derived from the word Hindustani, lit., "someone from Hindustan". Hence, when Indians migrated to Suriname they were referred to as Hindustanis, people of Indian origin.[31]

Tamils

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Tamils in the Netherlands, also Dutch Tamils, are people of ethnic Tamil ancestry who reside in Netherlands. Around 20,000 Tamils mostly from Sri Lanka are estimated to be living in Netherlands. The relationship between Tamils and Dutch dates back to the colonial era. The Dutch East India Company was active in Sri Lanka and Southern India. In Sri Lanka, most of Tamil areas were under Dutch Ceylon rule between 1640 and 1796. During Dutch rule some Dutch loanwords were adopted in Sri Lankan Tamil language. Back then, Tamils and Malayalis were known as "Malabars" among the Portuguese and Dutch.

The earliest Tamil immigrants to Netherlands came in the 1980s, and were primarily educated personnel, businessmen and students. When the Sri Lankan civil war broke out, many Tamils migrated 1984 onward were asylum seekers. Between 1984 and 1987, more than 3,500 Tamil men arrived in Netherlands. A Second wave of Tamil refugees came between 1990 and 1992, which included women and children.[32] Since 1995, the population of Sri Lankans in Netherlands has doubled, in 1996 there were 5,600 and in 2010 there were 10,346 people.[33]

There is a low unemployment rate among Dutch Tamils, because they have shown willingness to accept jobs, that is below their qualifications. They attach great importance to education and also pay attention to their children's education.[33] Dutch Tamils live mostly in small towns like Zeist, Utrecht, Nieuwegein, Roermond, Den Bosch, Breda, Den Helder and Hoorn, because the former refugees were settled away from big cities like Amsterdam.[33]

Most of Tamils living in Netherlands are Hindus and there are many Tamil Hindu temples (Kovils) in Netherlands like Vinayagar Temple in Den Helder or Murugan Temple in Roermond. There are Tamil Christian minorities, who belong to Catholic and Evangelist churches.

Statistics

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In December 2001, the High Level Committee on Indian Diaspora estimated the population of PIOs and Indian citizens at 215,000.[34] According to the Dutch governmental institution Statistics Netherlands (CBS), 65,339 individuals were of Indian origin as of 31 May 2022.[35] The Embassy of India states that the Netherlands has the "second largest population of people of Indian origin in Europe (next only to UK)" and that it is "home to about 220,000 Indian and Surinamese Hindustani Diaspora."[36][dead link‍] The Netherlands India Chamber of Commerce & Trade (NICCT) states that there are about 25,000 Indians or persons of Indian origin, excluding the Surinamese Hindustanis.[37][dead link‍]

Notable people

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Nepalis

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Nepalis in the Netherlands are immigrants, expatriates and international students from Nepal in the Netherlands, as well as Dutch people of Nepalese origin. As of 2010, statistics of the Dutch Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek shows that there are about 1,505 people of Nepalese origin living in the country.[38]

Lhotshampa refugees

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The Netherlands are home to a number of Lhotshampa (Bhutanese Nepalis) refugees who were deported from Bhutan.[39] Every year the Netherlands has been resettling around 100 Lhotshampa refugees since 2009. As of November 2011, around 350 refugees got resettled in The Netherlands.

Students

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Nepalese students have been studying in the Netherlands since the early 1970s.[40] Every year about a hundred students attend an international program in the Netherlands. So far, about 2,000 Nepalese students have graduated from different institutions all over the Netherlands in areas like Engineering, Law, Social Sciences and Management. Many Nepalese students are supported by the Netherlands Fellowship Program (NFP). The Consulate of the Netherlands is the body responsible for helping prospective Nepalese students in contacting an institution that meets their needs.

Organizations

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Until the late 1990s, there was no Nepali-run organizations so almost all Nepal-related programs were organized by the Dutch people.[41] The Nepal Samaj Nederlands was founded in 1999 as a cultural entity, it started to promote various Nepalese festivities among Nepalese and Dutch people who are interested in friendship with Nepalese people, culture, language and food. NSN publishes a news bulletin called Chautrai twice a year in both Nepali and Dutch.[42]

Other organizations include the NRN-NCC Netherlands and the Worldwide Nepalese Students' Organization – Netherlands.

Pakistanis

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As of 1 January 2022, statistics published by the Netherlands' Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek indicated that the Pakistani population (i.e., individuals either born in Pakistan or with at least one Pakistani parent) numbered 27,261.[43]

Pakistanis from urban areas began migrating to the Netherlands in the 1960s, later than Pakistanis migrating to the United Kingdom. A substantial number of immigrants come from the Punjab province.[44]

Social integration challenges

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Due to the language barrier and racial discrimination, many Pakistanis face barriers in the labor market. Pakistanis often work in lower-status jobs that they would not have considered in Pakistan, demonstrating a shift in social mobility within the context of migration.[44]

One of the major issues for Pakistanis in the Netherlands is racial discrimination – specifically a racial hierarchical structure in Dutch society. Following the 9/11 attacks in the United States, racial tensions escalated towards Muslims. Mosques were attacked and Muslims were subjected to scrutiny. The media portrayed Muslims as anti-Western aiding the hostility the Dutch felt.[44]

Employment opportunities are limited until official refugee status is attained which can take many years. Those with professional credentials from Pakistan find it difficult to secure jobs on par with their education and qualifications. Competition in the labor market coupled with discriminatory practices compound the challenges.[44]

Two Pakistani political leaders were convicted for threatening to kill anti-Islam lawmaker Geert Wilders.[45][46][47]

The Netherlands has no extradition treaty with Pakistan.[47]

Notable people

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References

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  1. ^ "Population; sex, age, generation and migration background, 1 January". Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. 31 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
  2. ^ "Suriname Indians in the Netherlands – the Indian in Them Lives on".
  3. ^ "Migration is reshaping our world today". South Asian Concern. 5 April 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  4. ^ a b "The Netherlands: Home to the Second-Largest Indian Diaspora in Europe". Indiaspora. 21 January 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  5. ^ "Netherlands". www.urmila.de. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  6. ^ "Dit is het Nederland van 44.000 Afghanen".
  7. ^ Watkins, Alexandra (2 June 2015). Problematic Identities in Women's Fiction of the Sri Lankan Diaspora. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-29927-6.
  8. ^ Hessels & Wassie 2003, p. 22
  9. ^ Tiekstra, Jurgen (15 May 2015). "Dit is het Nederland van 44.000 Afghanen". De Correspondent.
  10. ^ a b c Feldmann et al. 2007, p. 516
  11. ^ a b Aurin Fouraschen (August 2011), Afghan Dutch or Dutch Afghan?, University of Tilburg
  12. ^ Simons, Marlise (29 September 2005), "2 Afghans Face Dutch War-Crimes Charges From 80's Soviet Era", The New York Times, retrieved 3 June 2009
  13. ^ Simons, Marlise (15 October 2005), "The Netherlands: Prison for Afghan War Crimes", The New York Times, retrieved 3 June 2009
  14. ^ UNHCR 2003
  15. ^ Sujan, Dheera (8 November 2007), "Afghans in the Netherlands", Radio Netherlands, archived from the original on 14 June 2007, retrieved 3 June 2009
  16. ^ a b c d e f Aurin Fouraschen (August 2011), Afghan Dutch or Dutch Afghan?, University of Tilburg
  17. ^ Asielzoekers uit Afghanistan presteren het best op school, NRC
  18. ^ Sujan, Dheera (8 November 2007), "Afghans in the Netherlands", Radio Netherlands, archived from the original on 14 June 2007, retrieved 3 June 2009
  19. ^ Hessels & Wassie 2003, p. 27
  20. ^ Hessels & Wassie 2003, p. 49
  21. ^ a b Feldmann et al. 2007, p. 530
  22. ^ Feldmann et al. 2007, p. 520
  23. ^ "Aantal Indiase kennismigranten verdubbeld". CBS.nl. 25 July 2019.
  24. ^ "Het leven hier is beter dan in India". NRC. NRC.nl. 28 August 2019.
  25. ^ "Migranten in Nederland: 'Polen en Indiërs aan kop, dat komt door de markt'". RTL Nieuws. 3 January 2020.
  26. ^ "Een op de drie immigranten vertrekt binnen zes jaar". CBS.nl. 20 January 2003.
  27. ^ "Bevolking; leeftijd, migratieachtergrond, geslacht en regio, 1 januari". CBS. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  28. ^ "CBS Statline".
  29. ^ Adhin 1961, pp. 8–9
  30. ^ "Hindostanen in Suriname (in Dutch)". Outlook. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  31. ^ van der Zeijden, Albert (1990). De cultuurgeschiedenis van de dood. Rodopi. p. 154. ISBN 9789051832167.
  32. ^ The Encyclopedia of the Sri Lankan Diaspora, Peter Reeves, p.123
  33. ^ a b c The Encyclopedia of the Sri Lankan Diaspora, Peter Reeves, p.124
  34. ^ Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora December 2001.
  35. ^ "CBS StatLine - Population; sex, age, origin and generation, 1 January". statline.cbs.nl. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  36. ^ Embassy of India: Indian Community in Netherlands.
  37. ^ NICCT: Growing Indian Community in The Netherlands.
  38. ^ "CBS Statline". opendata.cbs.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 23 October 2024.
  39. ^ "BCN organizes Dasain-Tihar programme", Bhutan News Service.com, 3 November 2011.
  40. ^ "The Netherlands Fellowship Program (NFP) Archived 17 October 2002 at the Wayback Machine", Netherlands Alumni Association of Nepal (NAAN)
  41. ^ "An Interview with Birendra Giri, PhD", Nepali World News, April 2010.
  42. ^ "Nepalese Samaj Netherlands", NepaleseAbroad.com.
  43. ^ "CBS Statline". opendata.cbs.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 October 2024.
  44. ^ a b c d Kalra, Virinder S., ed. (2009). Pakistani diasporas culture, conflict, and change. Oxford in Pakistan readings in Sociology and Social Anthropology. Karachi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-547625-5.
  45. ^ "A Dutch court convicts 2 Pakistani men over death threats to anti-Islam lawmaker Geert Wilders". AP News. 9 September 2024. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
  46. ^ "Netherlands tries Pakistanis for incitement to kill Geert Wilders". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
  47. ^ a b "Two Pakistani men convicted over calls to murder Dutch anti-Muslim leader Wilders". Reuters. 9 September 2024.

Sources

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