Agitation in predementia and dementia is distressed affect that leads to poor moods and often aggression toward other people, such as family members and other caregivers. Agitation is often part of dementia and often precedes the diagnosis of common age-related disorders of cognition such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). More than 80% of people who develop AD eventually become agitated or aggressive.[1] Agitation in dementia overlaps with psychomotor agitation but is not always equal to it, depending on whose definition is used. Although some authorities consider them synonymous,[2] psychomotor agitation by definition ("-motor") involves maladaptive movements, whereas agitation in predementia and dementia often involves distress, fear, and aggression even when repetitive purposeless movements (such as pacing) are absent. The synonymy viewpoint views the whole topic as a single spectrum in which repetitive purposeless movements may arise or not, or recede, at various times.
Evaluation
editIt is important to rule out infection and other environmental causes of agitation, such as disease or other bodily discomfort, before initiating any intervention. If no such explanation is found, it is important to support caregivers and educate them about simple strategies such as distraction that may delay the transfer to institutional care (which is often triggered by the onset of agitation). [3]
Treatment
editOn May 11, 2023, the FDA approved brexpiprazole (brand name – Rexulti[4]) as a prescription medication for treatment of agitation in dementia.[5]
Medical treatment may begin with a cholinesterase inhibitor, which appears safer than other alternatives although evidence for its efficacy is mixed. If this does not improve the symptoms, atypical antipsychotics may offer an alternative, although they are effective against agitation only in the short-term while posing a well-documented risk of cerebrovascular events (e.g. stroke). Other possible interventions, such as traditional antipsychotics or antidepressants, are less well studied for this condition. [6]
References
edit- ^ Jost BC, Grossberg GT (1996). "The evolution of psychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: a natural history study". J Am Geriatr Soc. 44 (20): 1078–1081. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1996.tb02942.x. PMID 8790235. S2CID 36863011.
- ^ Elsevier, Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary online, headword 'agitation', retrieved 2022-01-25.
- ^ Mittelman MS, Haley WE, Clay OJ, et al. (2006). "Improving caregiver well-being delays nursing home placement of patients with Alzheimer disease". Neurology. 67 (9): 1592–1599. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000242727.81172.91. PMID 17101889. S2CID 9862016.
- ^ "REXULTI® (brexpiprazole) | Patient Information Website". www.rexulti.com. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
- ^ "FDA Approves First Drug to Treat Agitation Symptoms Associated with Dementia due to Alzheimer's Disease". Food and Drug Administration. 11 May 2023.
- ^ James M. Ellison (February 1, 2008). "Agitation in dementia: Update and prospectus". Psychiatric Times. 25 (2).