Ahhotep I

Ahhotep I
Ahhotep I
Queen consort of Egypt; Great Royal Wife; Queen Regent
	Ring of Ahhotep I, Louvre.
Burial	Possibly Deir el-Bahari
Spouse	Seqenenre Tao
Issue	Kamose (?); Ahmose I; Ahmose-Nefertari; Ahmose Sapair (?); Binpu (?); Ahmose-Henutemipet (?); Ahmose-Nebetta; Ahmose-Tumerisy
Egyptian name
	;
Dynasty	Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt
Father	Senakhtenre
Mother	Tetisheri

Ahhotep I (Ancient Egyptian: jꜥḥ-ḥtp (.w), alternatively Anglicized Ahhotpe or Aahhotep, "Iah (the Moon) is satisfied") was an ancient Egyptian queen who lived circa 1560–1530 BCE,^[1] during the end of the Seventeenth Dynasty and beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Her titles include King's Daughter, King's Sister, Great (Royal) Wife, She who is joined to the White Crown, and King's Mother. She was the daughter of Queen Tetisheri and Pharaoh Senakhtenre Ahmose, and was probably the sister, as well as the queen consort, of Pharaoh Seqenenre Tao.

Ahhotep I had a long and influential life, and is believed to have governed as a regent for her young son Ahmose I until he was old enough to rule. A stela found at Karnak praises Ahhotep's abilities as a leader, and the cult of Amenhotep I continued to remember Ahhotep after her death, up until at least the Twenty-first Dynasty.

While the 19th-century discovery of two separate coffins in Egypt set off debates about Ahhotep's identity and true burial place—which have continued into the 21st century—scholars have gradually become more widely accepting that a coffin found in Deir el-Bahri, at some point reused to bury a high priest, likely first belonged to Ahhotep I.

Family

Ahhotep I was the daughter of Queen Tetisheri and Pharaoh Senakhtenre Ahmose.^[1]^{[note 1]} She was the royal wife of the Seventeenth Dynasty king Seqenenre Tao, also believed to be her brother.^[3]^: 124

Ahhotep was the mother of Pharaoh Ahmose I. Her exact relationship to Pharaoh Kamose is not known, but he may have been her brother-in-law (the brother of Seqenenre Tao) or her son. Ahhotep's other children include Princess Ahmose-Nebetta,^[3] Princess Ahmose-Tumerisy,^[4]^{: 142–143} and the later Queen Ahmose-Nefertari, who was married to her brother, Pharaoh Ahmose I.^[3]^: 124 While Prince Ahmose Sapair, Prince Binpu, and Princess Ahmose-Henutemipet may also have been children of Ahhotep, their maternity is less certain.^[3]^: 126

Life

Stela from Karnak, containing praise for Queen Ahhotep

At the beginning of Pharaoh Seqenenre Tao's reign, the Hyksos had controlled parts of northern and central Egypt for close to a century. Backed by the support of family, including Ahhotep I, Seqenenre Tao began a military campaign to take back control. He died from injuries sustained in battle, and was briefly succeeded by Pharaoh Kamose, who continued to lead the campaign against the Hyksos. Kamose died in battle only three years later, leaving Queen Ahhotep's young son Ahmose I as the next heir to the throne.^[5]

Scholars believe that Ahhotep took on governing responsibilities as a regent for her son until he was old enough to rule.^[5] A stela found in Karnak from the reign of Ahmose I has a section that describes Ahhotep I as ruling Egypt and uniting its people, attributes that are normally reserved for kings.^[6]^[4]^: 135 The stela's praise of Ahhotep can be translated as follows:^[6]^{: 366–367}

Give jubilation to the Mistress of the Land, the ruler of the riverbanks of Hau-nebu, with a renowned name in every land, and who does the will of the masses. The King’s Wife, the Sovereign’s Sister, life-prosperity-health, the King’s Daughter and the august King’s Mother, who knows matters, and upholds Egypt; she has united its officer class; and she has protected it; she has returned its deserters and she gathers its dissidents; she has pacified Upper Egypt and she quells its rebels, the King’s Wife, Ahhotep, living.

Based partially on on the stela's text, scholars have speculated that Ahhotep commanded the Egyptian army, perhaps during her son's youth or while he was later abroad as an adult.^[7] In a linguistic analysis of the stela, Taneash Sidpura has posited that the wording does not necessarily imply direct military leadership but makes it clear Ahhotep was considered an effective ruler whose knowledge and abilities helped unite her people.^[6]^: 98–99

A bracelet naming Pharaoh Ahmose I

Ahhotep's governing influence likely continued in some form throughout her son's official reign once he came of age—and perhaps beyond. Through an analysis of Egyptian royal officials from the early Eighteenth Dynasty, Beatriz Noria Serrano notes that the officials explicitly linked to Ahhotep I (e.g., through titles, inscriptions, and artifacts) generally held civil administrative positions, such as "overseer of the double house of gold", "overseer of the double granary of the (royal wife and) king's mother Ahhotep", or "senior steward of the king's mother".^[8]^: 108 In contrast, officials explicitly linked to Ahmose I were generally involved with border administration or the cult of the god Amun. Noria Serrano suggests this could indicate an ongoing division of ruling responsibilities between Ahhotep I and her son: Ahhotep may have managed administration of the palace and capital city of Thebes, along with other internal affairs, while Ahmose I focused his attentions on issues of border administration and the solidification of royal power abroad. Civil administrative officials only displayed clear links to the king again during the reign of Thutmose I, who came to power after the reigns of both Ahmose I and his son Amenhotep I had ended.^[8]^: 108

Although exact dates are uncertain, scholars generally agree that Ahhotep I had a long life, outliving her son Ahmose I.^[9] Ahhotep is mentioned on the Kares stela (CG 34003), which dates to year ten of the reign of her grandson Amenhotep I, and her steward Iuf also mentions her on his stela (CG 34009). Iuf refers to Ahhotep as the mother of Ahmose I, and would later be the steward of Queen Ahmose, wife of Thutmose I. This suggests Ahhotep I may have died at a fairly advanced age during the reign of Thutmose I.^[10]

The cult of Amenhotep I continued to remember Ahhotep after her death, up until at least the Twenty-first Dynasty,^[11] and her depiction has been found in multiple New Kingdom tombs where the tomb owners included her in their lists of respected ancestors.^[6]^: 97

Debate over different Ahhoteps

Discoveries of two coffins

Coffin of Ahhotep I, found at Deir el-Bahri

In 1859, a team of Egyptian workers employed by French Egyptologist Auguste Mariette discovered a coffin at a dig site in Dra' Abu el-Naga'. The coffin was identified as belonging to a queen named Ahhotep and inscribed with the titles "Great Royal Wife" and "She who is joined to the White Crown". While the coffin contained a mummy when first discovered, the body and bandaging was destroyed soon afterwards, leaving behind little evidence to confirm the identity of the coffin's inhabitant.^[4]^{: 131–134}

In 1881, a separate team at Deir el-Bahri unearthed another coffin, this one also belonging to a queen named Ahhotep. This coffin had a longer, more elaborate set of titles inscribed, including the addition of "King's Daughter", "King's Sister", and "King's Mother", but did not contain the body of an individual named Ahhotep. Instead, this coffin had apparently been reused to bury a high priest named Pinudjem I.^[4]^{: 134–135} The discovery of this second coffin raised new questions about the identity of the Ahhotep from the Dra' Abu el-Naga' site, igniting a scholarly debate over whether there could be one, two, or even three distinct Egyptian queens named Ahhotep.^[2]

Theories around identity

Initially, scholars assumed the name Ahhotep and similar titles inscribed on the coffins meant that both vessels probably belonged to the same Queen Ahhotep: perhaps the coffin at Deir el-Bahri had originally been designed to contain the one at Dra' Abu el-Naga', and the coffins had become separated. However, the dimensions of the coffins did not support this scenario.^[4]^: 135 Because the coffin at Dra' Abu el-Naga' was found buried with items inscribed with the names of the pharaohs Kamose and Ahmose I, it was also proposed that the Dra' Abu el-Naga' Ahhotep could be the mother of Ahmose (and perhaps the wife of Kamose or Pharaoh Seqenenre Tao). Versions of this theory were popular among researchers well into the early 20th century.^[4]^{: 134, 135}

Beginning in the 1960s, however, scholars began ascribing more importance to the royal title of "King's Mother", which appeared only on the Deir el-Bahri coffin. The unexplained absence of this title from the burial at Dra' Abu el-Naga' meant that that the two coffins likely belonged to two separate queens named Ahhotep. Consequently, the "King's Mother" at Deir el-Bahri has become more widely linked to Queen Ahhotep I, mother of Pharaoh Ahmose I,^[4]^{: 135–136} while the "Great Royal Wife" at Dra' Abu el-Naga', who seemingly did not have a son, brother, or father who ascended the throne, has been proposed as a second Queen Ahhotep, whose identity and placement in royal family trees is still under much speculation.^[4]^{: 146–148}

The theory of a single Ahhotep has continued to be explored by some researchers in the 20th and 21st centuries,^{[note 2]} although academic Marilina Betrò posits that these interpretations of the available evidence "present more problems than they solve".^[4]^: 137 Other scholars have offered alternative reconstructions that argue for the existence of at least three Ahhoteps,^{[note 3]} with chronological orders and numbering changing depending on the interpretations.^[4]^: 139

Deir el-Bahari Tomb

The coffin of Ahhotep I, found at the Royal Cache (TT320) in Deir el-Bahari, is made of wood and cartonnage.^[4]^: 135 It provides an earlier example of the "rishi-design" for Egyptian coffins (feather patterns appearing across the body), and demonstrates many stylistic similarities to the coffin of Ahhotep's daughter Ahmose-Nefertari.^[10]^: 366 The type of lunar crescent symbol contained as part of its inscriptions makes it probable that the coffin was originally inscribed for Ahhotep after the reign of Ahmose I, when the symbol had culturally undergone a transition in depiction.^[4]^: 139

Scholar Ann Macy Roth has remarked that the face carved onto Ahhotep's coffin is "quite similar to that of Ahmose on his coffin ... although his chin is squarer, and her eyes and brows are very like those on the coffin of Ahmes-Nefertari."^[10]^: 366

At some point, Ahhotep I's coffin was reused to bury the high priest Pinudjem I at Deir el-Bahari.^[4]^{: 134–135} No funerary equipment belonging to Ahhotep I was found with this coffin, and the question of whether her original burial place was truly at Deir el-Bahari or elsewhere still remains unanswered.^[12]^: 101

Notes

^ Due to a prior belief that there were two pharaohs with the same name of Seqenenre Tao, many scholarly sources name Ahhotep's father as Seqenenre Tao I and her husband as Seqenenre Tao II – but there is now wider recognition that the pharaoh considered to be Seqenenre Tao I was actually named Senakhtenre Ahmose. ^[2]^: 27
^ For examples, see discussions by Eaton-Krauss^[9] and Sidpura.^[6]
^ For example, see discussion by Ann Macy Roth.^[10]

References

^ ^a ^b Ochwada, Hannington; Gates, Henry Louis (2011). "Ahhotep (1560–1530 BCE)". In Gates, Henry Louis; Akyeampong, Emmanuel; Niven, Steven J. (eds.). Dictionary of African Biography (Online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.
^ ^a ^b Sidpura, Taneash (2016). Gregory, Steven R. W. (ed.). "Where is my Mummy…Who is my Mummy? A Re-Evaluation of the Dra Abu-el Naga Coffin of Queen Ahhotep (CG 28501) with Queen Satkamose'" (PDF). Proceedings of the Second Birmingham Egyptology Symposium. 2: 21–46.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. The American University in Cairo Press.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Betrò, Marilina (2022). "The Identity of Ahhotep and the Textual Sources". In Miniaci, Gianluca; Lacovara, Peter (eds.). The Treasure of the Egyptian Queen Ahhotep and International Relations at the Turn of the Middle Bronze Age (1600-1500 BCE). Golden House Publications. pp. 131–152. ISBN 978-1906137724.
^ ^a ^b "How the Rebel Queens of Egypt Expelled the Hyksos". National Geographic. 2019-03-07. Archived from the original on July 20, 2021. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Sidpura, Taneash (2022). Flies, Lions and Oyster Shells: Investigating Military Rewards in Ancient Egypt from the Predynastic Period to the New Kingdom. Manchester: University of Manchester: PhD thesis. pp. 93–98.
^ Carney, Elizabeth D. (2001). "Women and Military Leadership in Pharaonic Egypt". Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies. 42 (1): 25–41.
^ ^a ^b Noria Serrano, Beatriz (2021). "Officials Under Queen Mother Ahhotep". In Arranz Cárcamo, Marta; Sánchez Casado, Raúl; Planelles Orozco, Albert; Alarcón Robledo, Sergio; Ortiz García, Jónatan; Mora Riudavets, Patricia (eds.). Current Research in Egyptology 2019: Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Symposium, University of Alcalá, 17–21 June 2019. Archaeopress. pp. 98–113. ISBN 978-1-78969-907-4.
^ ^a ^b Eaton-Krauss, Marianne (2003). "Encore: The Coffins of Ahhotep, Wife of Seqeni-en-Re Tao and Mother of Ahmose". In Blöbaum, Anke Ilona; Kohl, Jochem; Schweitzer, Simon D. (eds.). Ägypten-Münster: kulturwissenschaftliche Studien zu Ägypten, dem Vorderen Orient und verwandten Gebieten [Egypt-Münster: Cultural Studies on Egypt, the Near East and Related Areas]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 75–90. ISBN 978-3-447-04633-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Roth, Ann Macy (1999). "The Ahhotep Coffins: The Archaeology of an Egyptological Reconstruction". In Teeter, Emily; Larson, John A. (eds.). Gold of Praise: Studies on Ancient Egypt in Honor of Edward F. Wente. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pp. 361–378. ISBN 1-885923-09-0.
^ Troy, Lana (2005). "New Kingdom: Eighteenth Dynasty to the Amarna Period". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5.
^ Jánosi, Peter (1992). "The Queens Ahhotep I & II and Egypt's Foreign Relations" (PDF). Journal of the Ancient Chronology Forum. 5: 99–105.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)