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Ahmadnagar Sultanate

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Not to be confused with Nizams of Hyderabad.

The Sultanate of Ahmednagar was a late medieval Indian Muslim kingdom located in the northwestern Deccan, between the sultanates of Gujarat and Bijapur, ruled by the Nizam Shahi dynasty.[5][6] It was established when Malik Ahmed, the Bahmani governor of Junnar, after defeating the Bahmani army led by general Jahangir Khan on 28 May 1490, declared independence and established the Ahmadnagar Sultanate.[7]

Sultanate of Ahmednagar
1490–1636
Flag of Qutb Shahi
Flag
Extent of Ahmadnagar Sultanate.[1]
Extent of Ahmadnagar Sultanate.[1]
CapitalJunnar (1490–1494; 1610)
Ahmednagar (1494–1600)
Daulatabad (1499–1636, secondary capital)
Paranda (1600–1610)
Aurangabad (1610–1636)
Official languagesPersian
Common languagesMarathi
Deccani (language of the ruling class)
Religion
Sunni Islam until 1538,[2] Muhammad-Shahi (Mu'mini) Nizari Isma'ili Shi'a Islam 1538 onwards, Mahdawi movement during the reign of Ismail Nizam Shah (1589-91)
GovernmentMonarchy
Sultan 
• 1490–1510
Ahmad Nizam Shah I (first)
• 1633–1636
Murtaza Nizam Shah III (last)
History 
• Established
28 May 1490
• Disestablished
October[3] 1636
CurrencyFalus[4]
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Bahmani Sultanate
Mughal Empire
Today part ofIndia

Initially the capital was in the town of Junnar with its fort, later renamed Shivneri. In 1494, the foundation was laid for the new capital Ahmednagar. In 1636 Aurangzeb, then Mughal viceroy of Deccan, annexed the sultanate to the Mughal Empire.

History

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Establishment

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Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I was the son of Nizam-ul-Mulk Malik Hasan Bahri, originally a Hindu Brahmin from Vijayanagar originally named Tima Bhat.[8][9] Ahmed's father was made prime minister on the death of Mahmud Gawan and was made Malik Na'ib by Mahmood Shah Bahmani II. Soon after, he appointed Ahmed governor of Beed and other districts in the vicinity of Dowlutabad. After the death of his father, Ahmed assumed the titles of Nizam ul-Mulk Bahri from his father, the last signifying a falcon as Hasan had been falconer to the Sultan. Malik Ahmad the Bahmani governor of Junnar defended his province against incursions from the Sultan and his forces,[10][11] successfully defeating a much larger army led by Sheikh Muaddi Arab in a night attack, an army of 18,000 led by Azmut-ul-Dabir and an army led by Bahmani general Jahangir Khan.[12] On 28 May 1490, Ahmad declared independence and established the Nizam Shahi dynasty's rule over a de facto independent Sultanate.[7] Initially his capital was in the town of Junnar with its fort, later renamed Shivneri.[13] In 1494, the foundation was laid for the new capital Ahmadnagar.[8] After several attempts, he secured the great fortress of Daulatabad in 1499.[14][15]

Reigns of the successors of Malik Ahmad

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Rama Raya's beheading in the Battle of Talikota in 1565

After the death of Malik Ahmad in 1510, his son Burhan Nizam Shah I, a boy of seven, was installed on the throne. In the initial days of his reign, the control of the kingdom was in the hands of Mukammal Khan, an Ahmadnagar official and his son. Burhan converted to Nizari Isma'ili Shi'a Islam under the tutelage of Shah Tahir, a refugee from Persia and court official who was head of the largest branch of Nizari Shi'ism at that time.[16] Burhan died in Ahmadnagar in 1553. He left six sons, of whom Hussain Nizam Shah I succeeded him.[17]

Beginning in the 1560s, the de facto ruler of nearby Vijayanagara Empire, Rama Raya, made a series of aggressive efforts to maintain hold over Kalyan[18][a] and conducted diplomatic dealings with the Sultanates laden with insulting gestures. In response, four of the five Deccan Muslim sultans—namely Hussain Nizam Shah I and Ali Adil Shah I of Ahmadnagar and Bijapur to the west, Ali Barid Shah I of Bidar in the center, and Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali of Golconda to the east—united in the wake of shrewd marital diplomacy and convened to attack Rama Raya in late January 1565 at Talikota. Hussain was a leading figurehead of the Deccan sultanates during the ensuing battle. Afterwards, Rama Raya was beheaded by Sultan Nizam Hussain himself.[19]

After the death of Hussain in 1565, his minor son Murtaza Nizam Shah I ascended the throne. During his minority, his mother Khanzada Humayun ruled as a regent for several years. Murtaza Shah annexed Berar in 1574, bringing the sultanate to its territorial zenith.[8] Murtaza launched an unsuccessful campaign into Bijapur in 1580, following the death of sultan Ali Adil Shah I earlier that year.[20] In 1586, Ahmadnagar faced an invasion by Akbar of the Mughal Empire; Mughal forces approached the capital, but were dispelled, choosing to withdraw to the recently-annexed Ellichpur, whereupon the city was sacked and razed. The Mughals were then fully expelled from Ahmadnagar territory, the invasion ultimately ending in Mughal humiliation.[21] Amid falling stability in the Sultanate as a result of mismanaged factional relations, Murtaza was murdered by his son Miran Hussain in 1588, who succeeded him and ascended the throne.[8] His reign could however last only a little more than ten months as he was imprisoned. Ismail, a cousin of Miran Hussain was raised to the throne, but actual power was in the hands of Jamal Khan, the leader of the Habshi group in the court. He was the leader of the Mahdawi movement, and aggressively propagated the faith while in power.[22][23]

Ismail Nizam Shah's unpopular reign proved short. Jamal Khan was killed in the battle of Rohankhed in 1591 and soon Ismail was also captured and confined by his father Burhan, who ascended the throne as Burhan Nizam Shah II. He outlawed Mahdawia and reinstated Shi'ism as the state religion. Following Burhan's death, a civil war broke out which was eventually won by his sister, Chand Bibi. She ascended the throne as regent for the new infant sultan and her grand-nephew, Bahadur Nizam Shah, then repelled an invasion by the Mughal Empire with reinforcements from the Bijapur and Golconda Sultanates. After the death of Chand Bibi in July 1600, Ahmadnagar was conquered by the Mughals and the Sultan was imprisoned.[8][24]

Malik Ambar and the demise of the sultanate

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Murtaza Nizam Shah II with Malik Ambar

Despite Ahmadnagar city being incorporated into the Mughal Empire, much of the former kingdom still remained in the possession of influential officials of the Nizam Shahi dynasty. Malik Ambar and other Ahmadnagar officials defied the Mughals and declared Murtaza Nizam Shah II as sultan in 1600 at a new capital in Paranda. Malik Ambar became prime minister and vekīl-us-saltanat of Ahmadnagar.[25] Later, the capital was shifted, first to Junnar and Ausa and then to a new city called Khadki (later Aurangabad).[26]

After the death of Malik Ambar in May 1626, his son Fath Khan surrendered to the Mughals in the siege of Daulatabad in 1633 and handed over the young Nizam Shahi ruler Hussain Shah, who was sent as a prisoner to the fort of Gwalior. But soon, Shahaji, with the assistance of Bijapur, placed an infant scion of the Nizam Shahi dynasty, Murtaza Nizam Shah III on the throne and he became the regent. In 1636, Aurangzeb, then Mughal viceroy of Deccan, finally defeated Shahaji and partitioned the sultanate between the Mughal Empire and the Sultanate of Bijapur.[8][27]

Revenue system of Malik Ambar

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The revenue system introduced by Malik Ambar was based on the revenue system introduced in Northern India and some parts of Gujarat and Khandesh subahs by Raja Todarmal. Lands were classified as good or bad according to their fertility and he took a number of years to ascertain accurately the average yield of lands. He abolished the revenue farming. At first, revenue was fixed as two-fifths of the actual produce in kind, but later the cultivators were allowed to pay in cash equivalent to approximately one-third of the yield. Although an average rent was fixed for each plot of land but actual collections depended on the conditions of crops and they varied from year to year.[28]

Culture

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Art

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Main article: Deccan painting
 
The treacherous Mughal Viceroy of the Deccan Khan Jahan Lodi was executed in the year 1630, for covertly allying himself with Burhan Nizam Shah III, against the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan.[29]

Under the reigns of successive rulers of the dynasty, architecture and art flourished in the kingdom. The earliest extant school of painting in the Deccan sultanates is from Ahmadnagar.[30] Several palaces, such as the Farah Bakhsh Bagh,[31] the Hasht Bihisht Bagh, Lakkad Mahal were built, as were tombs, mosques and other buildings.[32] Many forts of the Deccan, such as the fort of Junnar (later renamed Shivneri), Paranda, Ausa, Dharur, Lohagad, etc. were greatly improved under their reign. Daulatabad, which was their secondary capital, was also heavily fortified and constructed in their reign.[33] Literature was heavily patronised in the kingdom, as seen through manuscripts such as the Tarif-i Husain Shah Badshah-i Dakan.[34] Sanskrit scholarship was also given a boost under their rule, as demonstrated by the works of Sabaji Pratap[35] and Bhanudatta.[36] The city of Ahmadnagar, founded by the Nizam Shahs, was described as being comparable to Cairo and Baghdad, within a few years of its construction.[37] It was modelled along the great cities of the Persianate world, given the Shi'i leanings of the dynasty.[38]

Architecture

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Main article: Architecture of the Bahmani and Deccan sultanates
 
A view of the Farah Bagh built by the Nizam Shahs

A number of palaces such as the Farah Bakhsh Bagh, Ahmadnagar Fort, Hasht Bihisht Bagh, and Manjarsumbah are in and around Ahmadnagar city. There exist tombs of nobles like Salabat Khan and Changiz Khan, and also of saints like Shah Sharif and Bava Bangali.[39][page needed]

Malik Ambar is credited with the construction of the Janjira Fort in the Murud Area of present-day Maharashtra India.[40] After its construction in 1567 AD, the fort was key to the Sidis withstanding various invasion attempts by the Marathas, Mughals, and Portuguese to capture Janjira.[41]

Farah Bagh (also called as Faria Bagh) is situated in Ahmednagar, Maharashtra. It is a palace build by Nizam Shahi rulers in Ahmednagar.[42][43][44] Farah Bagh was the centrepiece of a huge palacial complex completed in 1583. It were the special possessions of the royal household and Murtaza Nizam Shah often retired here to play chess with a Delhi singer whom he called Fateh Shah and also built for him a separate mahal called Lakad Mahal in the garden.

List of rulers

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The following is the list of the Nizam Shahi rulers of Ahmadnagar:[30]

  1. Ahmad Nizam Shah I (1490–1510)
  2. Burhan Nizam Shah I (1510–1553)
  3. Hussain Nizam Shah I (1553–1565)
  4. Murtaza Nizam Shah I (1565–1588)
  5. Hussain Nizam Shah II (1588–1589)
  6. Ismail Nizam Shah (1589–1591)
  7. Burhan Nizam Shah II (1591–1595)
  8. Bahadur Nizam Shah (1595–1600; under the regency of his great aunt Chand Bibi)
  9. Ahmad Nizam Shah II (1596)
  10. Murtaza Nizam Shah II (1600–1610)
  11. Burhan Nizam Shah III (1610–1631)
  12. Hussain Nizam Shah III (1631–1633)
  13. Murtaza Nizam Shah III (1633–1636).

Family tree

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Notes

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  1. ^ Kalyana was the capital of the Chalukyas. Rama Raya sought to control the territory in his bid to gain popular legitimacy by establishing himself as the true heir to Chalukya sovereignty and glory. Other examples included retrofitting of decayed Chalukya complexes and bringing back Chalukya festivals.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ahmadnagar Sultanate.

References

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  1. ^ For a map of their territory see: Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 147, map XIV.4 (d). ISBN 0226742210.
  2. ^ Schimmel, Annemarie (1980). Islam in the Subcontinent. BRILL. p. 55. ISBN 9004061177.
  3. ^ Gordon 1993, p. 47.
  4. ^ Stan Goron and J.P. Goenka, The coins of the Indian sultanates : covering the area of present-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh (New Delhi : Munshiram Manoharlal, 2001).
  5. ^ Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal:Volume 44. Bishop's College Press. 1875. p. 38.
  6. ^ John Horace Parry (1981). The Age of Reconnaissance. the University of California Press. p. 246. ISBN 9780520042353.
  7. ^ a b Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. p. 118. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Fischel, Roy S. (2017). "Niẓām Shāhīs". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
  9. ^ Fischel 2020, p. 71.
  10. ^ Shyam 1966, pp. 17–18.
  11. ^ Sherwani, Haroon Khan (1946). The Bahmanis of the Deccan – An Objective Study. Krishnavas International Printers, Hyderabad Deccan. pp. 368–369. OCLC 3971780.
  12. ^ Shyam 1966, pp. 31–33.
  13. ^ Sohoni 2018, p. 65.
  14. ^ Shyam 1966, p. 41.
  15. ^ Shyam 1966, p. 37.
  16. ^ Sohoni, Pushkar (2014). "Patterns of Faith: Mosque Typologies and sectarian affiliation in the kingdom of Ahmadnagar". In Roxburgh, David J. (ed.). Seeing the Past - Envisioning Islamic Art and Architecture: Essays in Honor of Renata Holod. Brill, Leiden. pp. 110–127. ISBN 9789004264021.
  17. ^ Majumdar 1974, p. 420.
  18. ^ Shobhi, Prithvi Datta Chandra (2 January 2016). "Kalyāṇa is Wrecked: The Remaking of a Medieval Capital in Popular Imagination". South Asian Studies. 32 (1): 90–98. doi:10.1080/02666030.2016.1182327. ISSN 0266-6030. S2CID 219697794.
  19. ^ Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (12 April 2012). "Courtly Insults". Courtly Encounters : Translating Courtliness and Violence in Early Modern Eurasia. Harvard University Press. pp. 34–102. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674067363.c2. ISBN 978-0-674-06736-3.
  20. ^ Majumdar 1974, p. 428.
  21. ^ Fischel 2020, p. 131.
  22. ^ Shyam 1966, pp. 204–210.
  23. ^ Majumdar 1974, pp. 426–429.
  24. ^ Majumdar 1974, pp. 430–435.
  25. ^ Majumdar 1974, pp. 435–436.
  26. ^ Sohoni 2018, p. xxiv.
  27. ^ Majumdar 1974, pp. 444–445.
  28. ^ Majumdar 1974, p. 444.
  29. ^ Jayapalan, N. (2001). History of India. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Limited. p. 167. ISBN 9788171569281. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  30. ^ a b Michell, George & Mark Zebrowski. Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates (The New Cambridge History of India Vol. I:7), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999, ISBN 0-521-56321-6, p.274
  31. ^ Pushkar Sohoni. "Change and Memory in Farah Bagh, Ahmadnagar" in Journal of Deccan Studies, v. 5 no. 2 (Jul–Dec 2007), pp. 59–77.
  32. ^ Pushkar Sohoni. "Architecture of the Nizam Shahs" in Helen Philon (ed.), Silent Splendour: Palaces of the Deccan, 14th – 19th centuries (Mumbai: Marg Publications, 2010).
  33. ^ Sohoni, Pushkar (2015). Aurangabad with Daulatabad, Khuldabad and Ahmadnagar. Mumbai; London: Jaico Publishing House; Deccan Heritage Foundation. ISBN 9788184957020.
  34. ^ Aftabi (1987). Mate, M.S.; Kulkarni, G.T. (eds.). Tarif-i-Husain Shah, Badshah Dakhan. Pune: Bharat Itihas Samshodhan Mandal.
  35. ^ Gode, P.K. (1944). "Sabaji Prataparaja, a protege of Burhan Nizam Shah of Ahmadnagar, and his works between 1500 and 1560". The Indian Historical Quarterly. 20: 96.
  36. ^ Mishra, Bhanudatta (2009). Pollock, Sheldon (ed.). "Bouquet of rasa" & "River of rasa". New York: New York University Press. ISBN 9780814767559.
  37. ^ Shyam 1966, p. 38.
  38. ^ Pushkar Sohoni. "Patterns of Faith: Mosque Typologies and Sectarian Affiliation in the Kingdom of Ahmadnagar" in David Roxburgh (ed.), Envisioning Islamic Art and Architecture: Essays in honor of Renata Holod (Leiden: Brill, 2014).
  39. ^ Sohoni 2018.
  40. ^ Sohoni, Pushkar (2020). "The Fort of Janjira". African Rulers and Generals in India. Greensboro, NC; Ahmedabad: University of North Carolina Ethiopian and East African Studies Project; Ahmedabad Sidi Heritage and Educational Center. pp. 167–183.
  41. ^ Kainthla, Anita (August 2011). "The Invincible Fort of Murud Janjira". India Currents. 25 (5): 56–57 – via ProQuest.
  42. ^ "How 16th-century Ahmednagar palace in Maharashtra stayed cool in summer". Hindustan Times. 26 May 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
  43. ^ George Michell (1987). The New Cambridge History of India: 1. The Portuguese in India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521563216. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  44. ^ Singh, M.; Kumar, S Vinodh (8 May 2019). "Architechtural features and characterization of 16th century Indian Monument Farah Bagh, Ahmed Nagar, India". International Journal of Architectural Heritage. 14 (9): 1398–1411. doi:10.1080/15583058.2019.1610524. S2CID 164648431.

Sources

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Further reading

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