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Fuad I of Egypt

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Fuad I (Arabic: فؤاد الأول Fu’ād al-Awwal; 26 March 1868 – 28 April 1936) was the Sultan and later King of Egypt and the Sudan. The ninth ruler of Egypt and Sudan from the Muhammad Ali dynasty, he became Sultan in 1917, succeeding his elder brother Hussein Kamel. He replaced the title of Sultan with King when the United Kingdom unilaterally declared Egyptian independence in 1922.

Fuad I
فؤاد الأول
Official portrait, 1922
King of Egypt and Sovereign of Nubia, the Sudan, Kordofan and Darfur[1]
Reign15 March 1922 – 28 April 1936
PredecessorHimself as Sultan of Egypt
SuccessorFarouk I
Prime Ministers
See list
Sultan of Egypt
Reign9 October 1917 – 15 March 1922
PredecessorHussein Kamel
SuccessorHimself as King of Egypt
Prime Ministers
See list
Born(1868-03-26)26 March 1868
Giza Palace, Cairo, Khedivate of Egypt, Ottoman Empire
Died28 April 1936(1936-04-28) (aged 68)
Qubbah Palace, Cairo, Kingdom of Egypt
Burial
Al-Rifa'i Mosque, Cairo, Egypt
Consort
​
​
(m. 1895; div. 1898)​
​
(m. 1919)​
IssuePrince Ismail
Princess Fawkia
Farouk I of Egypt
Fawzia, Queen of Iran
Princess Faiza
Princess Faika
Princess Fathia
Names
Ahmad Fuad
Arabic: أحمد فؤاد
HouseAlawiyya
FatherIsma'il I of Egypt
MotherFerial Qadin
ReligionSunni Islam

Early life

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Fuad was born in Giza Palace in Cairo, the fifth issue of Isma'il Pasha.[2][3] He spent his childhood with his exiled father in Naples. He got his education from the military academy in Turin, Italy. His mother was Ferial Qadin.[4]

 
Fuad in 1910

Prior to becoming sultan, Fuad had played a major role in the establishment of Egyptian University (now called Cairo University). He became the university's first rector in 1908, and remained in the post until his resignation in 1913. He was succeeded as rector by then-minister of Justice Hussein Rushdi Pasha. In 1913, Fuad made unsuccessful attempts to secure the throne of Albania for himself, which had obtained its independence from the Ottoman Empire a year earlier. At the time, Egypt and Sudan was ruled by his nephew, Abbas II, and the likelihood of Fuad becoming the monarch in his own country seemed remote. This, and the fact that the Muhammad Ali dynasty was of Albanian descent, encouraged Fuad to seek the Albanian throne.[5] Fuad also served as president of the Egyptian Geographic Society from 1915 until 1918.[6]

Reign

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Fuad came under consideration as a candidate for the Albanian throne, but he was ultimately bypassed in favour of a Christian ruler. He ascended the throne of the Sultanate of Egypt upon the death of his brother Hussein Kamel in 1917. In the aftermath of the Egyptian Revolution of 1919, the United Kingdom ended its protectorate over Egypt, and recognised it as a sovereign state on 28 February 1922. On 15 March 1922, Fuad issued a decree changing his title from Sultan of Egypt to King of Egypt. In 1930, he attempted to strengthen the power of the Crown by abrogating the 1923 Constitution and replacing it with a new constitution that limited the role of parliament to advisory status only. Large scale public dissatisfaction compelled him to restore the earlier constitution in 1935.

 
King Fuad with Mohamed Mahmoud Pasha and other ministers outside of Mahatet ar-Raml in Alexandria in the late 1920s
 
King Fuad I of Egypt on the ninth cover of Time magazine (28 April 1923)

The 1923 Constitution granted Fuad vast powers. He made frequent use of his right to dissolve Parliament. During his reign, cabinets were dismissed at royal will, and parliaments never lasted for their full four-year term but were dissolved by decree.[7]

Creation of the Royal Archives

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Fuad, c. 1934

Fuad was an instrumental force in modern Egyptian historiography. He employed numerous archivists to copy, translate, and arrange eighty-seven volumes of correspondence related to his paternal ancestors from European archives, and later to collect old documents from Egyptian archives into what became the Royal Archives in the 1930s. Fuad's efforts to portray his ancestors – especially his great-grandfather Muhammad Ali, his grandfather Ibrahim, and his father – as nationalists and benevolent monarchs would prove to be an enduring influence on Egyptian historiography.[8]

Personal life

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Fuad married his first wife, Princess Shivakiar Khanum Effendi (1876–1947), in Cairo, on 30 May 1895 (nikah), and at the Abbasiya Palace in Cairo, on 14 February 1896 (zifaf). She was his first cousin once removed and the only daughter of Field Marshal Prince Ibrahim Fahmi Ahmad Pasha (his first cousin) by his first wife, Vijdan Navjuvan Khanum. They had two children, a son, Ismail Fuad, who died in infancy, and a daughter, Fawkia. Unhappily married, the couple divorced in 1898.[9] During a dispute with the brother of his first wife, Prince Ahmad Saif-uddin Ibrahim Bey, Fuad was shot in the throat. He survived, but carried that scar the rest of his life.

 
Prince Ahmed Fuad (later Fuad I), c. 1900-10

Fuad married his second wife at the Bustan Palace in Cairo on 24 May 1919. She was Nazli Sabri (1894–1978), daughter of Abdu'r-Rahim Pasha Sabri, sometime Minister of Agriculture and Governor of Cairo, by his wife, Tawfika Khanum Sharif. Queen Nazli also was a maternal granddaughter of Major-General Muhammad Sharif Pasha, sometime Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs, and a great-granddaughter of Suleiman Pasha, a French officer in Napoleon's army who converted to Islam and reorganized the Egyptian army. The couple had five children, the future King Farouk, and four daughters, the Princesses Fawzia (who became queen consort of Iran), Faiza, Faika, and Fathia.

As with his first wife, Fuad's relation with his second wife was also stormy. The couple continually fought, Fuad even forbidding Nazli from leaving the palace. When Fuad died, it was said that the triumphant Nazli sold all of his clothes to a local used-clothes market in revenge. Fuad died at the Koubbeh Palace in Cairo and was buried at the Khedival Mausoleum in the ar-Rifai Mosque in Cairo.

King Fuad's wife lived as a widow after his death. She did not have good relations with her son. After Fuad's death, she left Egypt and went to the United States. She converted to Catholicism in 1950 and changed her name to Mary Elizabeth. She got deprived of her rights and titles in Egypt. Once named the world's richest and most elegant woman, she possessed one of the largest jewellery collections in the world.

Legacy

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The Fuad (Fū’ād) (فؤاد الأول) Muslim Library in China was named after him by the Chinese Muslim Ma Songting.[10] Muḥammad 'Ibrāhīm Fulayfil (محمد إبراهيم فليفل) and Muḥammad ad-Dālī (محمد الدالي) were ordered to Beijing by the King.[11]

Titles

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  • 26 March 1868 – 9 October 1917: His Highness Ahmed Fuad Pasha
  • 9 October 1917 – 15 March 1922: His Highness The Sultan of Egypt and Sudan, Sovereign of Nubia, Kordofan and Darfur
  • 15 March 1922 – 28 April 1936: His Majesty The King of Egypt and Sudan, Sovereign of Nubia, Kordofan and Darfur

Honours

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Domestic[citation needed]
  • Founder and Sovereign of the Order of Agriculture
  • Founder and Sovereign of the Order of Culture
  • Founder and Sovereign of the Order of Commerce and Industry
Foreign[citation needed]

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fuad I of Egypt.

References

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General
  • الملك أحمد فؤاد الأول [King Ahmad Fuad I] (in Arabic). Bibliotheca Alexandrina: Memory of Modern Egypt Digital Archive. Retrieved 27 February 2010.
Specific
  1. ^ Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh, ed. (1980). "The Royal House of Egypt". Burke's Royal Families of the World. Vol. II: Africa & the Middle East. London: Burke's Peerage. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-85011-029-6. OCLC 18496936.
  2. ^ Rosten, David B. (3 December 2015). The Last Cheetah of Egypt: A Narrative History of Egyptian Royalty from 1805 to 1953. iUniverse. ISBN 978-1-4917-7939-2.
  3. ^ Morgan, Robert (21 September 2016). History of the Coptic Orthodox People and the Church of Egypt. FriesenPress. p. 456. ISBN 978-1-4602-8027-0.
  4. ^ Hassan, Hassan (2000). In the House of Muhammad Ali: A Family Album, 1805–1952. American Univ. in Cairo Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-977-424-554-1.
  5. ^ Reid, Donald Malcolm (2002). Cairo University and the Making of Modern Egypt. Volume 23 of Cambridge Middle East Library. Cambridge University Press. pp. 61–62. ISBN 978-0-521-89433-3. OCLC 49549849.
  6. ^ "The Presidents of the Society". Egyptian Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2010.
  7. ^ Abdalla, Ahmed (2008). The Student Movement and National Politics in Egypt, 1923–1973. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-977-416-199-5.
  8. ^ Khaled Fahmy, Mehmed Ali: From Ottoman Governor to Ruler of Egypt (Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2009)
  9. ^ Shahine, Selim H. (2006). A realm apart: Egypt, time, and affective citizenship among members of the Mohamed Aly dynasty (PhD thesis). University of California, Irvine. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-542-57785-7. ProQuest 305369852.
  10. ^ Stéphane A. Dudoignon; Hisao Komatsu; Yasushi Kosugi, eds. (2006). Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World: Transmission, Transformation, Communication. Taylor & Francis. p. 251. ISBN 978-0-415-36835-3. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  11. ^ Kees Versteegh; Mushira Eid (2005). Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics: A-Ed. Brill. pp. 382–. ISBN 978-90-04-14473-6.
  12. ^ "ENTIDADES ESTRANGEIRAS AGRACIADAS COM ORDENS PORTUGUESAS - Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas". ordens.presidencia.pt.
  13. ^ "Hemeroteca Digital. Biblioteca Nacional de España". hemerotecadigital.bne.es.
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Fuad I of Egypt
Born: 26 March 1868 Died: 28 April 1936
Regnal titles
Preceded by Sultan of Egypt
1917–1922 		Sultanate becomes
independent kingdom
New title
Kingdom of Egypt established
 King of Egypt
1922–1936 		Succeeded by
Academic offices
New institution Rector of Cairo University
1908–1913 		Succeeded by
Professional and academic associations
Preceded by President of the Egyptian Geographic Society
1915–1918 		Succeeded by
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