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Airport security repercussions due to the September 11 attacks

After the September 11 attacks, there was an immediate call to action regarding the state of aviation security measures as the hijackers involved in 9/11 were able to successfully pass through security and take command of the plane. The existing security measures flagged more than half of the 19 hijackers in 9/11; however, they were cleared to board the plane because their bags were not found to contain any explosives.[1] In the months and years following September 11, 2001, security at many airports worldwide were reformed to deter similar terrorist plots.[2][3][1][4]

Changes in airport security

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Prior to September 11, 2001, airport screening was provided in the U.S. by private security companies contracted by the airline or airport. In November 2001, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) was introduced to take over all of the security functions of the country's airports.[2] The TSA increased the number of security agents employed from 16,200 to 56,000 and increased their compensation. In addition, they reformed the training for these agents. Prior to 9/11, the security staff was generally undertrained with a reported training time of 12 hours prior to 9/11; afterwards, this training was increased to more than 100 hours.[3] They also implemented verification tests of the training by projecting images of banned objects on machines to see if workers would be able to identify them.[1] The actual process of security screening was revised as well after 9/11. Passenger pre-checks became standard[1] and the percent of baggage screened for explosives increased from an approximate 5% to 100%.[3] In some countries, for example, Sweden, Norway, and Finland, there were no or only random security checks for domestic flights prior to 09/11/2001.[5] On or quickly after September 11, decisions were made to introduce full security checks there. It was immediately implemented where possible,[5] but took one to two years to implement everywhere since terminals were often not prepared with room for it. The TSA also introduced changes on the airplanes themselves, including bulletproof and locked cockpit doors and air marshals which became standard on commercial passenger aircraft.[6][7]

Increased security on aircraft

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Cockpit doors on many aircraft are reinforced and bulletproof to prevent unauthorized access.[8] Passengers are now prohibited from entering the cockpit during flight. Some aircraft are also equipped with CCTV cameras, so the pilots can monitor cabin activity. Pilots are now allowed to carry firearms, but they must be trained and licensed. In the U.S., more air marshals have been placed on flights to improve security.

Increased security screening

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On September 11, hijackers Khalid al-Mihdhar, Majed Moqed, and Nawaf al-Hazmi all set off the metal detector. Despite being scanned with a hand-held detector, the hijackers were passed through. Security camera footage later showed some hijackers had what appeared to be box cutters clipped to their back pockets.[9] Box cutters and similar small knives were allowed onboard certain aircraft at the time.

Airport checkpoint screening has been significantly tightened since 2001, and security personnel are more thoroughly trained to detect weapons or explosives. In addition to standard metal detectors, many U.S. airports now employ full-body scanning machines, in which passengers are screened with millimeter wave technology to check for potential hidden weapons or explosives on their persons.[citation needed] Initially, early body scanners provoked quite a bit of controversy because the images produced by the machines were deemed graphic and intrusive. Many considered this an invasion of personal privacy, as TSA screeners were essentially shown an image of each passenger's naked body. Newer body scanners have since been introduced which do not produce an image, but rather alert TSA screeners of areas on the body where an unknown item or substance may be hidden. A TSA security screener then inspects the indicated area(s) manually.[10]

Identification checks

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On September 11, some hijackers lacked proper identification, yet they were allowed to board due to being on domestic aircraft. After 9/11, all passengers 18 years or older in the United States must now have valid government-issued photo ID in order to fly. Airports may check the ID of any passenger (and staff member) at any time to ensure the details on the ID match those on the printed boarding pass. Only under exceptional circumstances may an individual fly without a valid ID. If approved for flying without an ID, the individual will be subject to extra screening of their person and their carry-on items.[citation needed] TSA does not have the capability to conduct background checks on passengers at checkpoints. Sensitive areas in airports, including airport ramps and operational spaces, are restricted from the general public. Called a SIDA (Security Identification Display Area) in the U.S., these spaces require special qualifications to enter. Non-passengers can also no longer meet passengers at their gate inside the terminal, but rather must wait on the other side of the TSA security check.[11][12]

A European Union regulation demanded airlines make sure that the individual boarding the aircraft is the same individual who checked in his or her luggage;[13] this was implemented by verifying an individual's identification both at luggage check-in and when boarding.

Some countries also fingerprint travellers or use retina and iris scanning to help detect potential criminals, although this is predominantly in relation to detection of immigration violations by inbound passengers rather than security checking of outbound passengers.[14]

Criticism

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With regard to the 2015 Germanwings flight 9525 crash incident, a suicide by pilot where the captain was unable to regain access to the flight deck, some have stated that security features added to commercial airliners after 9/11 actually work against the safety of such planes.[15]

Lawsuit

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In 2003, John Gilmore sued United Airlines, Southwest Airlines, and then-U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft, arguing that requiring passengers to show identification before boarding domestic flights is tantamount to an internal passport, and is unconstitutional.[16][17] Gilmore lost the case, known as Gilmore v. Gonzales, and an appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court was denied.

Privacy issues

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Air security and restrictions after the September, 2001 terrorist attacks have helped prevent further attacks from happening, but many Americans have issues with their privacy when traveling. The Computer-Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS), was first implemented in the late 1990's by the FFA. CAPPS flagged 6 of the 19 terrorists that were part of the attacks in 2001. The concern with CAPPS was that it also flagged 65,000 other passengers that day. Many Americans viewed this as a threat to their privacy and their information. CAPPS II was created post 9/11 and was created for the same purpose of preventing terrorist attacks and ensuring the safety of Americans. Many Americans had issues with CAPPS II because they believe that it racially and politically profiled passengers.[18] In 2004, the TSA was delayed in testing and developing CAPPS II because they could not obtain passenger data because of privacy concerns.[19]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d Elias, Bart (2005-03-30). Aviation Security-Related Findings and Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission. Defense Technical Information Center. OCLC 227897515.
  2. ^ a b Seidenstat, Paul (May 2004). "Terrorism, Airport Security, and the Private Sector". Review of Policy Research. 21 (3): 275–291. doi:10.1111/j.1541-1338.2004.00075.x.
  3. ^ a b c Klenka, Michal (2019-02-09). "Major incidents that shaped aviation security". Journal of Transportation Security. 12 (1–2): 39–56. doi:10.1007/s12198-019-00201-2. ISSN 1938-7741. S2CID 169783581.
  4. ^ "Toward Risk-Based Aviation Security Policy". OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers. 2008-11-01. doi:10.1787/228687543564. hdl:10419/68797. ISSN 2070-8270.
  5. ^ a b Höjd säkerhet på flyget Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine (di.se 12 sep 2001) (Swedish)
  6. ^ "Transportation Security Timeline | Transportation Security Administration". www.tsa.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
  7. ^ Phillip A. Karber (2001–2002). Re-constructing Global Aviation in an Era of the Civil Aircraft as a Weapon of Destruction. OCLC 779182727.
  8. ^ "Jet cockpit doors nearly impossible to open by intruders". Thestar.com. 26 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-05-13. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
  9. ^ "The 9/11 Commission Report" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-19. Retrieved 2013-12-20.
  10. ^ "Guns..." PMP | PMP-Magazine.com. 2019-08-06. Archived from the original on 2022-06-19. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
  11. ^ Kuta, Sarah. "You Can Now Meet Friends and Family at the Gate at This California Airport". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
  12. ^ "SIDA and AOA Badge Identification Requirements | Montrose County - Official Website". www.montrosecounty.net. Archived from the original on 2022-06-19. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
  13. ^ "Regulation (EC) No 2320/2002 ... common rules in the field of civil aviation security".
  14. ^ "75,000 arrested at airport last year after undergoing iris scan". Archived from the original on 2018-02-14. Retrieved 2018-02-14.
  15. ^ Yu, Yijun (26 March 2015). "Germanwings flight 4U9525: a victim of the deadlock between safety and security demands". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 2015-04-29. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
  16. ^ Julia Scheeres, "Judge to Hear Air ID Challenge" Archived 2012-10-20 at the Wayback Machine, Wired News, 2003-01-18
  17. ^ Ryan Singel, "Flight ID Fight Revived" Archived 2013-06-17 at the Wayback Machine, Wired News, 2004-08-16
  18. ^ Sidel, Mark (2004). More Secure Less Free?. The University of Michigan Press. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
  19. ^ "AVIATION SECURITY Computer-Assisted Passenger Prescreening System Faces Significant Implementation Challenges" (PDF). gao.gov. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
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