Alain Orsoni (Corsican: Alanu Orsoni; born 1954[citation needed]) is a Corsican politician and former FLNC militant and former president of AC Ajaccio. Founder of the FLNC-Canal Habituel (Corsican: Canale Abituale, FLNC-CA) and its political wing, the Movement for Self-Determination (Muvimentu per l’Autodeterminazione, MPA), Orsoni led the organization until its dissolution in 1997.
Alain Orsoni | |
|---|---|
| Leader of the FLNC-Canal Habituel | |
| In office 17 October 1990 – 29 January 1997 | |
| Secretary-General of A Cuncolta Naziunalista | |
| In office 28 June 1987 – 17 October 1990 | |
| President of the Movement for Self-Determination | |
| In office 17 October 1990 – 29 January 1997 | |
| Territorial Councilor of the Corsican Assembly | |
| In office 16 March 1986 – 22 March 1992 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1954 Vero, Corse-du-Sud |
| Political party | Movement for Self-Determination (MPA) (1990–1997) |
| Other political affiliations | Corsican Movement for Self-Determination (MCA) (1986–1990) |
Orsoni is called the “man of seven lives” or the “Corsican godfather” in some circles due to his criminal convictions and his tendency to create new lifestyles in new countries to flee persecution.[1] Orsoni was born in the town of Vero, near the city of Ajaccio. His father, a war hero from the second world war, left when Orsoni was young to fight in Algeria, where he later joined the OAS. After a brief period as a far-right activist, Orsoni became an avid supporter of Corsican independence and moved left on the political spectrum. In 1976, a year after his participation in the Aleria standoff, he joined the newly-formed National Liberation Front of Corsica. In 1988, Orsoni took action during the fracture of the FLNC to preserve a ceasefire signed with the French. Later, Orsoni led the FLNC-CA, and formalized peace with the French government and began a war with the other FLNC splits. After a 7-year long war with the FLNC-Canal Historique (Canale Storicu, FLNC-CS), in which he played a major role, The Canal Habituel dissolved and Orsoni fled to Nicaragua where he began a gambling business and became involved in extortion. In 2008, Orsoni returned to Corsica and became president of the football club AC Ajaccio.[2]
Early life
editOrsoni was born in 1954 to a Corsican family in the town of Vero. His father André (Andriu) Orsoni was a battle-hardened World War II veteran who had returned from the war in Indochina months before he was born. Shortly after, when Orsoni was very young, his father enlisted in the Algerian war, where he later joined the far-right pro-French terrorist group Organisation armée secrète (OAS). Orsoni grew up very close to his father, which is likely a reason his politics reflected that of his father's for most of his early years. His brother, Guy (Guidu) Orsoni was born 4 years after Alain. In 1972, Orsoni moved to Paris to peruse higher education at the Assas-Panthéon University. There, he joined the Union Defense Group, a far-right student union. However, his right-wing views began to change as he met with the left-wing Corsican nationalists at his school, particularly Léo Battesti, who would later become his close friend and fight with him in the Corsican conflict on the side of the FLNC. In the summer of 1975, Orsoni and Battesti returned to Corsica and joined a nationalist militant group, Azione Regiunalista Corsa (ARC). In August 1975, the ARC led the Aléria standoff, a military standoff on the eastern coast of Corsica. The insuing chaos caused Orsoni to flee to a military camp before returning to Paris. In 1976, the FLNC formed, and Orsoni joined, quickly rising through the ranks to become the head of the FLNC's Paris division.[2]
In The Original FLNC
editParis Division Leader
editOrsoni was head of the FLNC's Paris division for 6 years. During that time, large-scale and harsh bombing campaigns were carried out in the city. In 1979, a series of attacks occurred in a short span of time: On 10 April, three banks in Paris were bombed, and courts in Paris were bombed shortly after, including the Paris Palace of Justice, in which a bombing caused over 3 million francs worth of damage. On 6 May, 20 buildings, mostly financial institutions, were bombed in Paris and on 30 May, a new wave of bombings occurred. A bombing of the Paris police headquarters at the beginning of June caused a large setback in operations against the guerrillas, both in Paris and in Corsica.
On 14 May 1980, a commando of FLNC fighters, personally led by Orsoni, engaged in a shootout in front of the Iranian embassy in Paris. This left one gendarme dead and it caused Orsoni to be captured and sent to prison shortly after. His two-year stay at Fleury-Mérogis prison was marked by turbulence when, in June 1981, a prison revolt broke out. The demands of the revolt were to release Orsoni as well as another separatist militant, Serge Cacciari, arrested in 1976 for the murder of a gendarme during the Aleria standoff.[3] After a year, Orsoni and Cacciari were released on 2 March 1982 due to the "Defferre accords", an agreement between the FLNC and Mitterand.[4] Afterwards, he returned to Corsica, where he took charge of actions in Ajaccio.
Ajaccio Brigade Leader and the Murder of Guy Orsoni
editOnce returning to Corsica, Orsoni and his brother Guy Orsoni had become something of a folk hero in nationalist circles. His command in Paris and his role in the prison revolt of 1981 had gained him significant fame, and it didn't take much time before both of the Orsoni brothers had become brigade leaders in the FLNC. Orsoni had taken up the post of Ajaccio, and had begun coordinating most of the actions in Corse-du-Sud.
On June 17, 1983, Alain and Guy Orsoni had met in the town of Sartène for an FLNC meeting. After parting ways, Guy Orsoni was kidnapped and murdered by members of the Valinco gang, a large mafia group at the time that was present throughout southern Corsica. Orsoni, as well as many Corsican nationalists, believe this was done in coordination with French government officials.[5] This drove the FLNC, already at war with the French, to also begin a war with the Corsican mafia. On June 7, 1984, a year into the FLNC-mafia conflict, a commando in Ajaccio was assembled to break into a prison where Valinco gang members involved in the assassination of Guy Orsoni were being held and shoot them dead. Orsoni, overseeing the project from the sidelines, claimed it was "the greatest regret of his life" that he didn't attend personally.[2] Meanwhile, Orsoni married Frédérique Campana, a lawyer, and together they had a son, named Guy in honour of Orsoni's deceased brother. Throughout the next four years, Orsoni balanced being a hardline guerrilla leader and a father to his son.[2]
On 21 January 1987, the FLNC’s political wing, the Muvimentu Corsu per l’Autodeterminazione (MCA), was banned by French authorities for “promotion of terrorism” after a scandal involving Bastia police led the MCA to call for nationalists to “be vigilant”. After this, Orsoni was put in charge of creating the blueprints for a new political party for the organization. Orsoni’s creation and early leadership of A Cuncolta Naziunalista put him in even more of a powerful position within the FLNC, effectively running the organization.
Collapse of the FLNC and leadership of the FLNC-CA and MPA
editIn 1988, a ceasefire was drawn up and signed between the FLNC and the French government. Orsoni had been one of the major architects of the peace, being a strong advocate of political solution and the right to choose a government to represent them. This didn't sit well with certain members of the FLNC, known as "Historiques" (Storichi in Corsican) who wanted to continue the fight. From 1988 to 1990, numerous brigades and members of the FLNC would begin to leave and create their own army, the FLNC-Canal Historique (Canale Storicu, FLNC-CS). This struck Ajaccio as well, where many became discontent with Orsoni. A dissident campaign was launched, led by Roger Polverelli, who was shot dead by FLNC gunmen in October 1989.[6] Radical members of A Cuncolta Naziunalista removed Orsoni from power due to his lack of support for armed struggle, replacing him with Charles Pieri, a brigade leader from Bastia who was arrested in 1983 for the murder of a Foreign Legion member, and François Santoni, a brigade leader from the Gravona region known for being one of the most radical FLNC leaders. As the conflict escalated, Orsoni would take further control of the parts of the FLNC that didn’t break off and engage in dissident struggle, and on 17 October 1990 the remains became the FLNC-Canal Habituel (FLNC-Canale Abituale, FLNC-CA), led by Orsoni alone.
Orsoni's policies were quite different under the FLNC-CA compared to his brigade leadership in the original FLNC. Rather than focusing on war with France, Orsoni pitted the Habituels against the Historiques, focusing much more on the civil war within the FLNC. This was confirmed during a January 1991 meeting of Canal Habituel members where a freeze on military actions against the French government is declared and also during a March 1991 meeting where this is affirmed and the structure of the Habituels is discussed.[7]
In March 1992 the MPA ran for seats in the Corsican assembly. they won 4 seats, but Orsoni lost his own seat, a seat he had been holding since 1986. Orsoni nevertheless continued his leadership position from outside of the assembly.[2][8]
Throughout the FLNC splinter conflict, a wave of assassinations on both sides occurred, some allegedly involving Orsoni himself as a shooter. Orsoni and his organizations would repeatedly denounce violence and militancy present in the Historiques, yet would also lead a militant movement within the Habituels.[8]
Despite the efforts of Orsoni and his group, the size, organization, and hardline militancy of the Historiques helped them to prevail in the civil war. In March 1996, the FLNC-CS made a short-term agreement with the French government to lay down arms for a three-month period and begin negotiations. Despite the negotiations going nowhere, Orsoni, who used to be indifferent to the French government as far as attacks go, broke truce with the French and denounced this agreement.[9] Two months later, Orsoni announced the "imminent self-dissolution" of the FLNC-CA. some more radical members claiming to want to resume warfare against the Historiques and the French left the organization and founded the FLNC-Five May (FLNC-Cinque Maghju, FLNC-5M).[9] This caused a three-way feud between the Historiques, the remaining Habituels, and the "Maghjini". Orsoni, fearing for his safety and fearing arrest due to alleged profiteering charges, fled to the United States. The FLNC-CA was officially dissolved on 29 January 1997.[10]
Exile in the United States, Nicaragua, and Spain
editOrsoni fled to Miami, Florida in 1996, where he opened a Pizzeria.[11] Then, after only months, he moved to Nicaragua, where he stayed for a number of years. There, he opened a casino with the help of a friend named Francis Perez, and began a system of alleged racketeering.[12] He was expelled from Nicaragua in 2000, and settled in Barcelona, where he lived until 2008, when he returned to Corsica.[11]
Return to Corsica and leadership of AC Ajaccio
editOrsoni returned to Corsica in early 2008. In July 2008, Orsoni took up the post of president for AC Ajaccio after his close friend and political ally Michel Moretti had passed.[13]
In August 2008, Orsoni narrowly escaped an assassination attempt carried out by the Brise de Mer, a Corsican mafia organization responsible for a large number of crimes in Corsica and beyond.[14] In the year that followed, a number of people were indicted for the attempt, including former Grosseto-Prugna mayor Marie-Jeanne Bozzi and Pierre-Toussaint Michelosi.[15]
References
edit- ^ "Les sept vies d'Alain Orsoni". LExpress.fr (in French). 2010-04-01. Retrieved 2024-09-20.
- ^ a b c d e "Les sept vies d'Alain Orsoni". LExpress.fr (in French). 2010-04-01. Retrieved 2024-09-20.
- ^ "#corse StoriaCorsa 1981 « Procès Bastelica-Fesch, 90 patriotes en prison, trêve et amnistie » –" (in French). 2019-08-28. Retrieved 2024-09-20.
- ^ "#corse StoriaCorsa 1982 « Loi Statut Particulier, seconde amnistie pour les militants du FLNC » –" (in French). 2019-08-29. Retrieved 2024-09-20.
- ^ "Guy Orsoni, martyr de la Cause Corse". www.unita-naziunale.org. Retrieved 2024-09-20.
- ^ "#corse StoriaCorsa 1989 « Le FLNC propose un projet de société » –" (in French). 2019-09-02. Retrieved 2024-09-20.
- ^ "#corse StoriaCorsa 1991 « Le FLNC sort u Sicondu Quaternu » la suite de son projet de société –" (in French). 2019-09-03. Retrieved 2024-09-20.
- ^ a b "#corse StoriaCorsa 1992 « 25% aux élections régionales » « Catastrophe de Furiani » –" (in French). 2019-09-04. Retrieved 2024-09-21.
- ^ a b "#corse StoriaCorsa 1996 « Tralonca 600 militants du FLNC canal Historique » –" (in French). 2019-09-06. Retrieved 2024-09-21.
- ^ "#corse StoriaCorsa 1997 « Répression tout'azimut contre le mouvement national » –" (in French). 2019-09-06. Retrieved 2024-09-21.
- ^ a b Reixach, Jaume (2013-09-21). "Córcega 'connection'". El Triangle (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-09-21.
- ^ archive.wikiwix.com https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https://www.latribune.fr/economie/france/presidentielle-2022/la-corse-s-embrase-en-pleine-presidentielle-mais-paris-prefere-parler-d-autre-chose-906003.html. Retrieved 2024-09-21.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ "Ligue de Football Professionnel : AC AJACCIO". archive.wikiwix.com. Retrieved 2024-09-21.
- ^ "Sale temps pour la Brise de mer" (in French). 2009-02-12. Retrieved 2024-09-21.
- ^ "Une ancienne élue UMP mise en examen dans l'affaire Orsoni" (in French). 2009-04-06. Retrieved 2024-09-21.