Albania and Iran have no diplomatic relations after Albania severed them on the date of September 16, 2022. In 2013, the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (MEK) moved its base to Albania. The MEK is responsible for bombings inside Iran and is considered a terrorist organization there.[1] This strained diplomatic relations, which came to a head when Albania suspended diplomatic ties, accusing Iran of an alleged major cyber attack.[2]
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History
editAlbania and Iran are both Indo-European countries with various cultural similarities, whose cultural relations date back to the ancient Illyrian and Iranian peoples. The Illyrians were largely involved in the military defense of Greece against the Achaemenid Empire, while maintaining cultural exchanges among the Greeks.
Pahlavi Iran and Communist Albania
editDue to distance between the two countries, it was unclear when the two countries first established relations, though it is highly likely the relations began following World War II, when Albania became a communist state and Iran was under the Pahlavi dynasty.[3] As Albania was a communist state, it aligned with the Soviet Union while Pahlavi Iran allied with the United States throughout the early phase of Cold War.
Islamic Republic of Iran and Communist Albania
editFollowing the establishment of Islamic theocracy in Iran at 1979, Albania, being a communist state, aligned with the Soviets against Iran in the Iran–Iraq War.[3]
Kosovo War
editAt first, Iran sought to gain support from Albanians by fighting in the Kosovo War, and there were reports about Iranian fighters in Kosovo, as well as Iranian media openly spread news about Albanians thanking Iranian support and desire for a similar theocratic state, similar to the tactics with which Iran gained successful support from the Bosniaks in the previous Bosnian War.[4] Iranian president Muhammad Khatami had strongly opposed the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999 and condemned NATO harshly.[5]
As for the result of Albania's alignment with the United States, poor relations between Iran and Albania started to bear the pressure. In 2002, Iran founded the "Koran Foundation of Kosovo" with hope to drive Albanians in both Albania and Kosovo to abandon its secularism and support a Shi'a theocracy, but it was unsuccessful; Albanian police even launched crackdowns on the foundation.[6] Since 2008 Iran has refused to recognize the independence of Kosovo.
Increased tensions
editAlbania's decision to welcome People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) taking refuge in the country led to further deterioration of Albanian–Iranian relations.[7] The MEK had killed many Iranian citizens in a series of bombings in the 1980s, had tried to invade Iran and is regarded a terrorist organization by Iran.[1] According to Al Jazeera, the exiled MEK has constructed a center at its Albanian headquarters where 1,000 to 1,500 "online soldiers" are taught to spread hashtags in support of overthrowing the Islamic Republic.[8] In 2021, Facebook company removed hundreds of fake accounts which were associated with a MEK troll farm based in Albania. The company said that it deleted more than 300 accounts from a network associated with Mujahedeen-e-Khalq (MEK)[9] The group denied the existence of an Albanian troll farm connected to the MEK.[10] Albanian President Ilir Meta dismissed the Iranian claim, and condemned the Iranian government.[11][12]
Albania accused Iran of plotting terrorist attacks in the country during the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification, and expelled Iranian diplomats in response, including the Iranian ambassador.[13] Iran, in response, accused Albania of fabrication under American and Israeli pressure.[13]
In January 2020, following the assassination of Iranian general Qasem Soleimani, Iranian supreme leader Ali Khamenei and Iranian president Hassan Rouhani made speeches smearing "a small and sinister country" for trying to overthrow the Islamic regime in Iran, which was believed to be directed at Albania due to MEK's refugee status.[11] Albanian Prime Minister Edi Rama openly endorsed an attack against Iran by the U.S. in response to Iranian criticism against Albania.[11]
Cyberattack and severed ties
edit
On 15 July 2022[14] Albania suffered a serious cyberattack, which temporarily shut down numerous Albanian government digital services and websites.[15] The Albanian government advised the purpose of the attack was in a bid to "destroy it, paralyse public services and hack data and electronic communications from the government systems", but ultimately the attack failed.[16]
The attack was identified by cybersecurity firm Mandiant as having been conducted by agents that had previously acted on behalf of Iran. Iran publicly denied responsibility of the attacks, framing the attacks as "anti-Iranian" and alleging that "third parties" had maligned Iran through creating allegations of Iranian hacking.[17] The Albanian government has responded by announcing that they were working with Microsoft and the FBI in an investigation into the cyberattack.[18]
On 7 September 2022, Albanian Prime Minister Edi Rama announced Albania would sever relations with the Islamic Republic of Iran in response to a cyberattack conducted by Iran against the Albanian state.[19][20] All embassy staff, including diplomatic and security personnel, were ordered to leave Albania within 24 hours, in note delivered to the Iranian embassy in Tirana.[21]
The United States soon after declared that they will take "further action" in response to the attack on a NATO ally.[19]
Shirin Nariman, an Iranian-American supporter of the National Council of Resistance of Iran, previously designated as a terrorist group by the United States, praised Albania's actions and expressed a wish that more countries would follow suit.[22]
Turkey, through its embassy in Tehran now represents Albania's interest in Iran.[23][24]
On the 1 February 2024, Albania suffered another round of cyberattacks from Iran, with the latest round of cyberattacks targeting INSTAT, Albania's statistical gathering apparatus.[25]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ a b Motamedi, Maziar. "Why was an Iran dissident group raided in Europe?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-10-11.
- ^ Gritten, David (7 September 2022). "Albania severs diplomatic ties with Iran over cyber-attacks". BBC. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
- ^ a b "Albaniz and the Middle East". www.researchgate.net. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
- ^ "Iranian Attitudes toward the Kosovo Crisis". www.washingtoninstitute.org.
- ^ "Iran: Tehran Looks To Moscow In Kosovo Crisis". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty.
- ^ "Iranian Propagandists in Kosovo". Washington Examiner. 19 March 2015.
- ^ "Terrorists, cultists – or champions of Iranian democracy? The wild wild story of the MEK". The Guardian. 9 November 2018.
- ^ "Iranians respond to MEK troll farm: #YouAreBots - Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East". www.al-monitor.com. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
- ^ "March 2021 Coordinated Inauthentic Behavior Report" (PDF). Facebook. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
- ^ "Facebook removes accounts tied to Iranian exile group". AP NEWS. 2021-04-20. Retrieved 2022-11-16.
- ^ a b c "Iran leader targets Albania amid growing US-Iran conflict". 10 January 2020.
- ^ "Albanian Leaders Dismiss Khamenei's Purported 'Sinister' Smear". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty.
- ^ a b "Tensions increase between US, Iran after Albania expels diplomats". Daily Sabah. 21 December 2018.
- ^ "Albania cuts ties with Iran amid cyberattack allegations". DW. Reuters, Agence France-Presse. 7 September 2022.
- ^ Associated Press (7 September 2022). "Albania cuts diplomatic ties with Iran over July cyberattack". NBCNews.com. NBC News.
- ^ Wall, Martin (7 September 2022). "US blames Iran for cyber attack on Albania". Washington, D.C.: The Irish Times.
- ^ Gritten, David (7 September 2022). "Albania severs diplomatic ties with Iran over cyber-attack". BBC News. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
- ^ Semini, Llazar (7 September 2022). "Albania cuts diplomatic ties with Iran over July cyberattack". ABC News.
- ^ a b "Albania cuts Iran ties over cyberattack, U.S. vows further action". Reuters. 7 September 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
- ^ Pabst, Volker (8 September 2022). "Wieso nehmen iranische Cyberkrieger Albanien ins Visier, und warum reagiert Tirana darauf so scharf?" [Why are Iranian cyberwarriors targeting Albania and why is Tirana reacting so harshly?] (in German). Istanbul: NZZ.
- ^ "Albania cuts diplomatic ties with Iran over cyberattack". Al Jazeera. 7 September 2022.
- ^ Weinthal, Benjamin (7 September 2022). "Albania cuts diplomatic ties with Iran following cyberattacks, threats". Yahoo! News.
- ^ "Families Of Iranians In MKO Captivity Rally To Thank Albania For Raiding Terror Base - Iran Front Page". ifpnews.com. 2023-06-30. Retrieved 2023-07-01.
- ^ "Iranians Gather Outside Turkish Embassy to Thank Albania's Actions Against MKO Terrorists - Society/Culture news". Tasnim News Agency. Retrieved 2023-07-01.
- ^ "Albania's Institute of Statistics suffers cyberattack, some systems affected". ABC News. Retrieved 1 February 2024.