Albert Christian Kruyt (Dutch: Albertus Christiaan Kruyt; 10 October 1869 – 19 January 1949) was a Dutch Calvinist missionary, ethnographer and theologian who pioneered Christianity in Poso, Indonesia.[1]
Albert Christian Kruyt | |
|---|---|
| Albertus Christiaan Kruyt | |
.png) Kruyt in his final years | |
| Born | Albertus Christiaan Kruijt 10 October 1869 |
| Died | 19 January 1949 (aged 79) The Hague, Netherlands |
| Occupations |
|
| Notable work | De Bare'e-sprekende Toradja's van Midden-Celebes |
| School | Reformed, Calvinist |
Born in Mojowarno, East Java, in 1869, Kruyt grew up in a missionary family[2] and went to the Netherlands for education in 1877. Returning to the Indies in 1890, he was stationed in Gorontalo. The Netherlands Missionary Society (NZG) sent him to establish a new mission in Poso in 1892.[3][4] Despite early setbacks, the first baptism occurred in 1909, and the number of converts grew steadily.[5] His mission expanded through the highlands to the Gulf of Bone by the 1920s.[6] Elected a corresponding member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1898, Kruyt resigned in 1932 but became a regular member in 1933.[7] Kruyt left the Dutch East Indies in 1932 and died in The Hague in 1949.
Kruyt is known for his ethno-sociological approach, believing that understanding local cultures was essential for successful missionary work.[8] He argued that missionaries must understand the link between thought and community life to win hearts[9] and preferred voluntary conversions over coercion.[10] Kruyt is regarded as a leading theorist, missionary, and ethnographer of the early 20th century.[11] His mission in Poso and Central Sulawesi was a significant success.[6] His works on ethnography and evangelism are highly valued, especially the book he co-authored with Nicolaus Adriani, De Bare'e-sprekende Toradja's van Midden-Celebes (The Bare'e speaking Toraja of Central Sulawesi), which remains a key ethnological resource.[12]
References
edit- ^ Enklaar 1978, p. 111; Schrauwers 2000, p. 5; Aragon 2000, p. 101.
- ^ Enklaar 1978, p. 111; Keane 2007, pp. 97–98.
- ^ Aragon 2000, p. 101; Coté 2010, p. 12.
- ^ Henley 2005, p. 47.
- ^ Aragon 2000, p. 104.
- ^ a b Schrauwers 2000, p. 9.
- ^ "A.C. Kruyt (1869 - 1949)". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ^ Kruyt 1915, pp. 86–87.
- ^ Schoor-Lambregts 1992, p. 104.
- ^ Aragon 2000, p. 103.
- ^ Coté 2010, p. 14; Hefner 2001, p. 575.
- ^ Rassers 1949, p. 163.
Sources
edit- Aragon, Lorraine [in Indonesian] (2000). Fields of the Lord: Animism, Christianity, and State Development in Indonesia. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-82-482303-0. LCCN 99058189.
- Hefner, Robert W. (2001). "Fields of the Lord: Animism, Christian Minorities, and State Development in Indonesia". Book Reviews - Anthropology of religion. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. 7 (3): 612–623. doi:10.1111/1467-9655.00079.
- Henley, David [in Indonesian] (2005). Fertility, Food and Fever: Population, Economy and Environment in North and Central Sulawesi, 1600-1930. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (201). KITLV Press. ISBN 978-9-06-718209-6. LCCN 2006402352.
- Keane, Webb (2007). Christian Moderns: Freedom and Fetish in the Mission Encounter. The Anthropology of Christianity. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-52-093921-9. LCCN 2006019220.
- Schrauwers, Albert [in Indonesian] (2000). Colonial 'reformation' in the Highlands of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, 1892–1995. Anthropological Horizons (14). University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-80-208303-6. LCCN 00698098.
Bibliography
edit- Primary sources
- Kruyt, Albert Christian (1915). "The Presentation of Christianity to Primitive Peoples: The Toradja Tribes of Central Sulawesi". International Review of Mission. 4 (1): 81–95. doi:10.1111/j.1758-6631.1915.tb00766.x.
- Publications
- Brouwer, Klaas Johan (1951). Dr A. C. Kruyt: dienaar der Toradja's (in Dutch). J. N. Voorhoeve.
- Boetzelaer, C. W. Th. van [in Indonesian] (1949). "Albertus Christiaan Kruyt (1869–1949)". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (in Dutch). 105: 143–146. doi:10.1163/22134379-90002492.
- Coté, Joost (2010). "Missionary Albert Kruyt and Colonial Modernity in the Dutch East Indies". Itinerario. 34 (3): 11–24. doi:10.1017/S0165115310000653. S2CID 161927061.
- Enklaar, Ido Hendricus (1978). "Kruyt, Albertus Christiaan". Biografisch Lexicon voor de geschiedenis van het Nederlands Protestantisme. Nachruf (in Dutch). Vol. 1. J. H. Kok. pp. 111–113.
- Enklaar, Ido Hendricus (1981). "Kom over en help ons!" Twaalf opstellen over de Nederlandse zending in de negentiende eeuw (in Dutch). Boekencentrum.
- Noort, Gerrit [in Indonesian] (2006). De weg van magie tot geloof: Leven en werk van Albert C. Kruyt (1869-1949), zendeling-leraar in Midden-Celebes, Indonesië [The Path from Magic to Faith: The Life and Work of Albert C. Kruyt (1869-1949), Missionary-Teacher in Central Celebes, Indonesia] (in Dutch). University of Utrecht. ISBN 978-9-02-392155-4.
- Rassers, Willem Huibert [in Indonesian] (1949). "Herdenking van Albertus Christiaan Kruyt". Jaarboek, 1948-1949. Nachruf (in Dutch). Vol. 1948–1949. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. pp. 161–170. hdl:2027/mdp.39015073712591.
- Schoor-Lambregts, A.J. van der (1992). "Het heerlijke en schoone werk der Zending: Alb. C. Kruyt over Celebes". Indische Letteren (in Dutch). Vol. 7, no. 4. Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde. pp. 98–108.