Alexander of Constantinople (‹See Tfd›Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος; c. 241 – 337) was bishop of Byzantium from 314[1] and the first bishop of Constantinople from 330[2] (the city was renamed during his episcopacy). Scholars consider most of the available information on Alexander to be legendary.[3]
Alexander of Constantinople | |
|---|---|
| Bishop of Byzantium/Constantinople | |
 Icon of Patriarchs Alexander, John and Paul IV | |
| Installed | 314 |
| Term ended | 337 |
| Predecessor | St Metrophanes |
| Successor | St Paul of Constantinople |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c. 241 |
| Died | 337 (aged c. 96) Constantinople |
| Denomination | Eastern Christianity |
| Sainthood | |
| Feast day |
|
| Venerated in | Eastern Orthodoxy Roman Catholicism |
Origin and early life
editAccording to the Synaxarion, Alexander was originally from Calabria in Italy and his parents were called George and Vryaine. From a very young age he was given to God and stayed in a monastery, where he cultivated virtue and became a good labourer of God's commands. He was granted divine visions, while for twenty days he stayed completely fasting. But he also stayed naked for four years and fell into thousands of problems because of attacks of the Saracens. In this way, he lived many years traveling around Greece with his pupils Vitalius and Nicephorus.
Alexander was elected as a vicar to assist the aged bishop Saint Metrophanes of Byzantium. Due to age and ill health, Metrophanes could not attend the First Council of Nicaea, so he sent Alexander instead. At the time of his death, Metrophanes left instructions in his will to elect his vicar to the see of Constantinople.[4] Alexander succeeded him at the age of 73.[5]
During his episcopacy, Alexander engaged in debate with pagan philosophers and opposed heresies. He was highly praised by Gregory Nazianzus[6] and Epiphanius of Cyprus.[7] Theodoret called him an "apostolic" bishop.[8] Alexander served as bishop for about 23 years,[9] during which time he distinguished himself by his virtues and administrative abilities.[10]
Arian controversy
editWhen the Arian controversy began, Alexander, the Patriarch of Alexandria, requested his cooperation in combating what he perceived to be heresy.[11] At the Council of Nicaea, Arius and his teachings were condemned.
Later, Arius desired to be received back into the communion of the Church. The Roman Emperor Constantine I, having been convinced by the Eusebians, commanded Alexander to formally receive Arius back.[12] According to Socrates Scholasticus, Arius did not in fact repent of his heresy, but was equivocating, and Bishop Alexander was aware of this.[13] Alexander, though threatened by the Eusebians with deposition and banishment, persisted in his refusal to admit Arius back into the Church, and shut himself up in the Church of Hagia Irene (which at that time was the cathedral of Constantinople) in fervent prayer that God would take him from this world rather than be forced to restore someone to communion who he feared was only feigning repentance. As it happened, Arius died on his way to the church, before he could be received back into communion.[14]
Death
editAlexander did not long survive Arius.[15] On his deathbed he was said to have nominated his vicar, Paul, as his successor, and to have warned his clergy against Macedonius, who became bishop of Constantinople in 342 and whose teachings inspired Macedonianism.
After his death, Alexander came to be regarded as a saint of the Church. The service in his honor was printed in Venice in 1771. According to some ancient manuscripts, the feast of St Alexander was commemorated on June 2. Today, his feast day is celebrated annually on August 30, in a common commemoration with his fellow Patriarchs of Constantinople John the Faster (582–595, also commemorated on September 2) and Paul the New (780-784).
Notes
edit- ^ "Κατάλογος Οικουμενικών Πατριαρχών - Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο" [List of Ecumenical Patriarchs] (in Greek). 2019.
- ^ Smith 1911 cites Theodoret Hist. i. 19
- ^ Kazhdan, Alexander; Talbot, Alice-Mary (2005). "Constantinople, Patriarchate of". The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6. Retrieved 2018-07-25.
- ^ "St. Alexander", Greek Boston
- ^ Smith 1911
- ^ Smith 1911 cites Gregory Nazianzus, Oration 27
- ^ Smith 1911 cites Epiphanius of Cyprus, Adv. Haer. lxix. 10
- ^ Smith 1911 cites Theodoret, Hist. i. 3, cf. Phil. 12
- ^ Smith 1911 cites Socrates Scholasticus Hist. ii. 6; Sozomen Hist. iii. 3
- ^ "Memory of Saints Alexander, John and Paul, Patriarchs of Constantinople", Orthodox Times
- ^ Smith 1911 cites Theodoret, op. cit. i. 4
- ^ Smith 1911 cites Athanasius of Alexandria Ep. ad Serap.; Rufinus, Hist. i.
- ^ Smith 1911 cites Socrates Scholasticus, op. cit. i. 37
- ^ "Alexander Saint, Bishop of Constantinople", The Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. (James Strong and John McClintock, eds.) Harper and Brothers; NY; 1880
- ^ Smith 1911 cites Socrates Scholasticus, op. cit. ii. 6 ; Theodoret, op. cit.i. 19
References
edit
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, I. G. (1911). "Alexander, of Byzantium". In Wace, Henry; Piercy, William C. (eds.). Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century (3rd ed.). London: John Murray.
External links
edit- St Alexander the Patriarch of Constantinople Orthodox Icon and Synaxarion