Wikipedia

Alexandra Phelan

Alexandra Louise Phelan is an associate professor at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and senior scholar at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. She specializes in international legal and policy issues that are related to emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, including upstream drivers of disease emergence like climate change.

Alexandra Phelan
EducationMonash University (BS, LLB)
Australian National University (LLM)
Georgetown University (SJD)
Scientific career
FieldsInternational law, Human rights, Health security, Climate change
InstitutionsGeorgetown University (2014–2023)
Johns Hopkins University (2023–present)
Doctoral advisorLarry Gostin
WebsiteFaculty website

Education and early career

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Phelan attended Eltham College before attending Monash University in Melbourne, Australia where she received her Bachelor of Science degree in Biomedical Sciences in 2006 and her Bachelor of Laws degree in 2009, focusing on human rights and health security.[1] There, she published an honors thesis entitled Implementing Australia's health security legislation: international obligations, validity and human rights, which examined Australia's implementation of the 2005 International Health Regulations.[2]

For her graduate work, Phelan attended The Australian National University, where she received her Master of Laws degree in 2013, specializing in international law and global health security.[3] During that time, she also worked as a solicitor at King & Wood Mallesons and was admitted to practice in 2010 to the Supreme Court of Victoria and High Court of Australia. In 2013, she moved to the United States to attend Georgetown University Law Center, where she completed her Doctorate of Law (S.J.D.) degree in 2019 under the mentorship of legal scholar Lawrence O. Gostin. Her doctoral work investigated how international law can facilitate response to and prevention of infectious diseases.

Research and career

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Phelan joined the faculty at Johns Hopkins University as a senior scholar at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security and associate professor in the Department of Environmental Health and Engineering at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.[4] There, she continues her research on international legal and policy issues surrounding infectious diseases around the world, which have included Ebola, Zika, and COVID-19, and Planetary health issues. Her research also factors in concerns around human rights and the Right to health in approaches to deal with infectious disease prevention, preparedness, and response. For example, she was critical of a rule proposed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2016 that would expand its powers to screen, test, and quarantine people traveling in the United States during a disease outbreak without procedural protections.[5] Instead, she proposed adding in basic due process steps to ensure the proper checks and balances that would respect civil liberties.

She currently serves on the National Academy of Sciences Standing Committee on Emerging Infectious Diseases, which is currently advising the government on the rapidly developing science and policy issues around the COVID-19 pandemic.[6] She is also a consultant for the World Health Organization and the World Bank Group and was formerly a consultant for GAVI.[7]

Prior to Johns Hopkins University, Phelan was a member of faculty at Georgetown University as part of the Center for Global Health Science and Security at Georgetown University School of Medicine, as an assistant professor in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and as an adjunct professor of law at Georgetown University Law Center.

Work on the Ebola epidemic

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Phelan was involved with the public health response that took place during the Western African Ebola virus epidemic, as well as with subsequent outbreaks of Ebola in Africa, consulting for both the World Health Organization and affected countries.[8] During the initial outbreak, she co-authored a recommendation to the United Nations, advocating for the need for a Security Council Resolution to ensure peace and security in light of the epidemic, noting the disease could exacerbate political unrest in affected countries.[9] She later authored a legal analysis of the United States response to the epidemic, offering legal solutions to gaps in pandemic preparedness.[10] In February 2019, she and her colleagues called for the WHO to declare the epidemic in the Democratic Republic of Congo a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in order to galvanize the international community to provide political, financial, and technical support to prevent the disease from spreading further.[11][12] The WHO ultimately made the declaration in July 2019, several months after the initial call to action.[13]

Work on COVID-19

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Phelan has been monitoring the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic since the disease began to emerge in Wuhan in late 2019. In late January 2020, she advocated that the WHO should declare the novel coronavirus a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) as a signal to the international community to launch a coordinated public health response.[14][15]

Phelan has also been critical of reports that Chinese officials cordon sanitaire in the Hubei Province, forcing the quarantine of those in the region.[14][16] She notes that the Liberian government's forced quarantine of 60 to 120 thousand people in West Point, Monrovia during the 2014 Ebola outbreak led to violence and public mistrust that exacerbated the spread of the virus.[15] The lockdown may have also limited access to medical supplies and overburdened hospitals during a critical time, so Phelan has also advocated for an investigation into the impact of the forced lockdown.[17] Phelan has asserted that cultivating public trust, while also preserving human rights, is essential for combatting the growing crisis. She also cautioned the United States against initiating a travel ban on people from countries affected by the novel coronavirus, as bans can break international trust.[18]

As the crisis has grown, Phelan and her colleagues have developed a set of recommendations for ensuring COVID-19 control measures are both equitable and inclusive to respect the needs of vulnerable populations, both in terms of increasing access to testing and treatment, as well as access to reliable and timely information.[19] They argue that failure to take such an approach will undermine response efforts to the pandemic, eroding trust among these marginalized communities and frontline healthcare workers.

Key publications

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  • "Covid-19: control measures must be equitable and inclusive." BMJ 2020; 368 doi:10.1136/bmj.m1141
  • "The novel coronavirus originating in Wuhan, China: challenges for global health governance." JAMA 2020;323(8):709-710. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1097
  • "The Ebola Epidemic: A public health emergency." JAMA 2014;312(11):1095-1096. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.11176

Awards and honors

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References

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  1. ^ Bailey, Megan (5 March 2013). "Human rights on agenda". Herald Sun. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  2. ^ Phelan, Alexandra Louise (2009). Implementing Australia's health security legislation : international obligations, validity and human rights (Thesis thesis).
  3. ^ Andrianatos, Veronica (17 August 2018). "Using International Law to prevent Ebola and Zika outbreaks". ANU College of Law. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  4. ^ "Alexandra L. Phelan | Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security". centerforhealthsecurity.org. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  5. ^ Yong, Ed (30 December 2016). "The CDC's New Quarantine Rule Could Violate Civil Liberties". The Atlantic. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  6. ^ "Standing Committee on Emerging Infectious Diseases and 21st Century Health Threats". www.nationalacademies.org. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  7. ^ "WHO | Update and summary guide to the report: Advancing the Right to Health – The Vital Role of Law". WHO. Archived from the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  8. ^ Segal, Jillian; Landsberg, Judith (24 August 2016). "The Grattan Institute is wrong. We need more science students, not fewer". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  9. ^ King, Tim (18 September 2014). "O'Neill Institute Statement on the United Nations Security Council Resolution on the Ebola Outbreak". oneill.law.georgetown.edu. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  10. ^ "The Ebola Sentinel: a legal analysis of US pandemic preparedness". Ebola's message : public health and medicine in the twenty-first century. Evans, Nicholas G., 1985-, Smith, Tara C., 1976-, Majumder, Maimuna S. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 2016. pp. 111–126. ISBN 978-0-262-33619-2. OCLC 960448151.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  11. ^ Gostin, Lawrence; Phelan, Alexandra; Coutinho, Alex Godwin; Eccleston-Turner, Mark; Erondu, Ngozi; Filani, Oyebanji; Inglesby, Tom; Katz, Rebecca; Maleche, Allan; Nuzzo, Jennifer B.; Tomori, Oyewale (16 February 2019). "Ebola in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: time to sound a global alert?". The Lancet. 393 (10172): 617–620. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30243-0. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 30732850.
  12. ^ Gulland, Anne (26 June 2019). "Long-running Ebola outbreak is now an international health emergency, say experts". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  13. ^ "WHO declares Ebola outbreak in Congo a global health emergency". www.cbsnews.com. 18 July 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  14. ^ a b Cohen, Jon (22 January 2020). "WHO panel puts off decision on whether to sound alarm on rapid spread of new virus". Science | AAAS. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  15. ^ a b Phelan, Alexandra L.; Katz, Rebecca; Gostin, Lawrence O. (25 February 2020). "The Novel Coronavirus Originating in Wuhan, China: Challenges for Global Health Governance". JAMA. 323 (8): 709–710. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1097. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 31999307.
  16. ^ Fifield, Anna; Hawkins, Derek; Taylor, Adam; Wan, William (18 February 2020). "Director of Wuhan hospital dies of coronavirus as death toll passes 2,000 in China". Washington Post. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  17. ^ Rauhala, Emily; Wan, William; Shih, Gerry (11 March 2020). "First, China. Then, Italy. What the U.S. can learn from extreme coronavirus lockdowns". Washington Post. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  18. ^ Yong, Ed (3 February 2020). "The New Coronavirus Is a Truly Modern Epidemic". The Atlantic. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  19. ^ "COVID-19: Scientists urge 'equitable and inclusive' response". www.medicalnewstoday.com. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  20. ^ "2019 Women of Influence are champions of reinvention". Australian Financial Review. 9 September 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  21. ^ "UPMC Center for Health Security Announces 2015 Emerging Leaders in Biosecurity". www.prnewswire.com (Press release). Retrieved 4 April 2020.
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