Alfred Mond, 1st Baron Melchett
Alfred Moritz Mond, 1st Baron Melchett, PC, FRS, DL (23 October 1868 – 27 December 1930), known as Sir Alfred Mond, Bt between 1910 and 1928, was a British industrialist, financier and politician. In his later life he became an active Zionist.
The Lord Melchett | |
|---|---|
 | |
| First Commissioner of Works | |
| In office 10 December 1916 – 1 April 1921 | |
| Prime Minister | David Lloyd George |
| Preceded by | Lewis Vernon Harcourt |
| Succeeded by | The Earl of Crawford |
| Minister of Health | |
| In office 1 April 1921 – 19 October 1922 | |
| Prime Minister | David Lloyd George |
| Preceded by | Christopher Addison |
| Succeeded by | Sir Arthur Griffith-Boscawen |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Alfred Moritz Mond 23 October 1868 Farnworth, Widnes, Lancashire, England |
| Died | 27 December 1930 (aged 62) London |
| Political party | Liberal Conservative |
| Spouse | Violet Goetze (d. 1945) |
| Children | 4, including Henry Mond, 2nd Baron Melchett |
| Parent(s) | Ludwig Mond Frieda Löwenthal |
| Alma mater | St. John's College, Cambridge University of Edinburgh |
Early life and education
editMond was born in Farnworth, Widnes, Lancashire, England, the younger son of Ludwig Mond, a chemist and industrialist who had emigrated from Germany, and his wife Frieda, née Löwenthal, both of Jewish extraction. He was educated at Cheltenham College and St. John's College, Cambridge,[1] but failed his natural sciences tripos. He then studied law at the University of Edinburgh and was called to the bar by the Inner Temple in 1894.[2][3]
Business career
editFollowing this he joined his father's business Brunner Mond & Company as director, later becoming its managing director. He was also managing director of his father's other company, the Mond Nickel Company. Other directorships included those of the International Nickel Corporation of Canada, the Westminster Bank and the Industrial Finance Investment Corporation. His major business achievement came in 1926 when he worked to create the merger of four companies to form Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI), one of the world's largest industrial corporations at the time.[2] He became its first chairman.[4]
Political career
editMond was also involved in politics and sat as Liberal Member of Parliament for Chester from 1906 to 1910, for Swansea from 1910 to 1918 and for Swansea West from 1918 to 1923. He served in the coalition government of David Lloyd George as First Commissioner of Works from 1916 to 1921, and as Minister of Health (with a seat in the cabinet) from 1921 to 1922. After losing his seat at the 1923 general election, he returned to Parliament as a Liberal for Carmarthen at a by-election in August 1924, holding the seat until his elevation to the peerage in 1928. Although a supporter of the "New Liberalism" in his early political career and a "vocal proponent of constructive social reform" in the postwar government,[5] Mond became a Conservative in January 1926 after falling out with Lloyd George over the former Prime Minister's controversial plans to nationalise agricultural land.[2][6][7]
Mond was created a Baronet, of Hartford Hill in Great Budworth in the County of Chester, in 1910,[8] and was admitted to the Privy Council in 1913.[2][9] In 1928 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Melchett, of Landford in the County of Southampton.[2][10]
Mondism
editIn the aftermath of the 1926 General Strike, Mond led efforts to establish cooperation between workers (represented by trades unions and the General Council of the TUC) and the large employers; this short-lived initiative became known as Mondism.[11][12]
Benefactions, Zionism and honours
edit
Sir Alfred Mond: "I'm sorry to have to disturb Your Majesty, but, owing to the shortage of sites—"
George III: "Shortage of sights, indeed!"
Cartoon from Punch, 18 August 1920
Mond's father had bequeathed a collection of old master paintings to the National Gallery, and Alfred provided housing for them in 1924. In 1929 he provided land in Chelsea for the Chelsea Health Society.[2]
An enthusiastic Zionist, in 1920 Mond donated ten thousand pounds to Vladimir Jabotinsky.[13] The following year he visited Palestine with Chaim Weizmann. He contributed money to the Jewish Colonization Corporation for Palestine and wrote for Zionist publications.[2] He became President of the British Zionist Foundation and made financial contributions to Zionist causes.[14] Melchett founded the town of Tel Mond, now in Israel.[15] He also started building what is now one of the few private houses on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, now known as Villa Melchett. Tel Aviv and several other Israeli cities have a Melchett Street commemorating him.
One of Mond's most enduring contributions to Zionism did not come through direct political means but through his enthusiastic and active support of Pinhas Rutenberg, to whom the British Government granted exclusive concessions to produce and distribute electricity in Palestine. Mond sat on the Board of the Palestine Electric Company and promoted the case of the company in London's political and industrial circles.[16]
Mond was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1928 and received a number of honorary degrees from Oxford, Paris and other universities.[2]
Personal life
editIn 1894 Mond married Violet Goetze and they had one son, Henry Ludwig, and three daughters, Eva Violet, Mary Angela, and Norah Jena. Mond died in his London home in 1930, and his son succeeded in the barony.[2]
Publications
edit- Industry and Politics (1927)
- Imperial Economic Unity (1930)
Literary references
editMond is mentioned in T. S. Eliot's 1920 poem A Cooking Egg.[17] He is also – along with the Turkish leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – widely considered to be the inspiration behind Mustapha Mond, one of the ten world controllers in Aldous Huxley's 1932 novel Brave New World.[18]
Coat of arms
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See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Mond, Alfred Moritz (MNT886AM)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Greenaway, Frank (2004) 'Mond family (per. 1867–1973)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press. [1] Retrieved on 9 March 2007.
- ^ "Mond, Alfred Moritz". Who's Who. Vol. 59. 1907. p. 1241.
- ^ ICI's first chairman Sir Alfred Mond, Picture Stockton, retrieved 25 June 2007[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Sir Alfred Mond (Lord Melchett), 1868-1930". Liberal History. 20 May 2012.
- ^ Bolitho, Alfred Mond: First Lord Melchett; Carmarthen Record Office, Dynevor Papers"
- ^ "Sir Alfred Mond - Letter to Carmathen Liberals". Coventry Evening Telegraph. 26 January 1926.
- ^ "No. 28400". The London Gazette. 26 July 1910. pp. 5391–5392.
- ^ "No. 29728". The London Gazette. 13 June 1913. p. 4187.
- ^ "No. 33395". The London Gazette. 19 June 1928. p. 4180.
- ^ Gallacher, W. (1947). The Rolling of the Thunder. Lawrence & Wishart. p. 103. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
- ^ "Glossary of Terms: Mo". Marxists Internet Archive Encyclopedia. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
- ^ Segev, Tom (2018 - 2019 translation Haim Watzman) A State at Any Cost. The Life of David Ben-Gurion. Apollo. ISBN 9-781789-544633. p. 166
- ^ Weintraub, Bob, Alfred Mond (Lord Melchett): Great Zionist Leader, The Israel Chemical Society, p. 6, retrieved 25 June 2007
- ^ Tel Mond, Israel, Sarasota Sister Cities Association, archived from the original on 3 April 2012, retrieved 25 June 2007
- ^ Shamir, Ronen (2013) Current Flow: The Electrification of Palestine. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 121, 127, 134
- ^ "4. A Cooking Egg". www.bartleby.com.
- ^ Sexton, James (1989). "Aldous Huxley's Bokanovsky ("Bokanowski" de Aldous Huxley)". Science Fiction Studies. 16 (1): 85–89. JSTOR 4239919.
- ^ Debrett's peerage and baronetage 2003. Debrett's Peerage Ltd. 2002. p. 1088.
Further reading
edit- Bolitho, Hector. Alfred Mond: First Baron Melchett. A Biography (Martin Secker, 1933)
