The Alliance of Hope (Malay: Pakatan Harapan; abbrev: PH; stylised as HARAPAN) is a Malaysian political coalition consisting of centre-left political parties which was formed in 2015 to succeed the Pakatan Rakyat coalition. It has led a grand coalition government since November 2022, having previously led a single-coalition government from May 2018 to February 2020.
Alliance of Hope | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Malay name | Pakatan Harapan ڤاكتن هارڤن |
| Chinese name | 希望联盟 Xīwàng liánméng |
| Tamil name | நம்பிக்கை கூட்டணி Nampikkai kūṭṭaṇi |
| Abbreviation | PH |
| President | Wan Azizah Wan Ismail |
| Chairman | Anwar Ibrahim |
| Deputy President | |
| Founded | 22 September 2015 |
| Legalised | 16 May 2018[1] |
| Preceded by | Pakatan Rakyat |
| Headquarters |
|
| Newspaper |
|
| Student wing | Pakatan Harapan Students |
| Youth wing | Pakatan Harapan Youth |
| Women's wing | Pakatan Harapan Women |
| Ideology | Social liberalism Social democracy Progressivism |
| Political position | Centre-left |
| National affiliation | National Unity Government (since 2022) |
| Regional affiliation | Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (since 2023) |
| Colours | |
| Dewan Negara | 16 / 70 |
| Dewan Rakyat | 81 / 222 |
| State Legislative Assemblies | 141 / 611 |
| Chief minister of states | 3 / 13 |
| Election symbol | |
(except DAP Sarawak)  (DAP Sarawak only) | |
| Party flag | |
| |
| Website | |
| pakatanharapan 2022 campaign website | |
It is currently the largest coalition in the Dewan Rakyat with 81 seats and is part of the state governments of seven of 13 states in the country, comprising Penang, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Perak, Pahang, Malacca and Sabah. It also provides confidence and supply in Johor for its state government led by Barisan Nasional (BN).
The coalition consists of the Democratic Action Party (DAP), People's Justice Party (PKR), National Trust Party (AMANAH), and United Progressive Kinabalu Organisation (UPKO).
The coalition deposed the Barisan Nasional coalition government during the 2018 Malaysian general election, ending its 60-year-long reign (counted together with its predecessor, Alliance) since independence. Pakatan fell from power as a result of the 2020 Malaysian political crisis, when its chairman and then-Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad resigned from office, and his Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU) left the coalition along with 11 members of parliament from PKR.[2]
After the 2022 Malaysian general election resulted in a hung parliament, Pakatan entered into coalition with Barisan Nasional, the Sarawak Parties' Alliance (GPS), Sabah People's Alliance (GRS), Heritage Party (WARISAN), Malaysian Nation Party (PBM), Malaysian United Democratic Alliance (MUDA), Social Democratic Harmony Party (KDM), and independents to form what is commonly referred to as a national unity government, with Pakatan chairman Anwar Ibrahim as prime minister.
History
editFormation
editPakatan Harapan is a direct successor to the three-party Pakatan Rakyat coalition that consisted of the People's Justice Party, the Democratic Action Party and the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS). Disagreements and conflict between PAS and DAP mainly regarding the implementation of sharia law resulted in the predecessor coalition's break-up in June 2015,[3][4] and it was replaced by a new coalition in September 2015 formed by the remnants of Pakatan Rakyat and a new PAS splinter party, the National Trust Party.[5][6]
On 12 November 2016, a United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) splinter party, the Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU), founded and led by former Malaysian prime minister, Mahathir Mohamad, confirmed that the party was committed to joining Pakatan Harapan.[7][8] It succeeded in forming an electoral pact with the coalition in December before finally becoming a member in March the next year.[9][10]
Rise to power
editThe coalition's presidential council was confirmed in preparation for the coalition's registration. Mahathir was made the coalition's chairman and Wan Azizah Wan Ismail president, with then-imprisoned opposition leader and Wan Azizah's husband Anwar de facto leader. The logo was initially planned to be used by all participating candidates for the 2018 general election,[11] but was rejected by Registrar of Societies and cited as a reason as to why the coalition could not be registered,[12] while the Home Affairs Ministry later cited "issues" related to DAP and BERSATU after a new logo was submitted.[13] The coalition was not registered in time for the general election and in pursuance of its plan to contest under a common logo, it was announced that the component parties would use the logo of PKR on the ballots instead, except in Sabah and Sarawak, where the local party chapters opted to use their respective logos.[14][15] The coalition secured an electoral pact with the Sabah-based Sabah Heritage Party (WARISAN) before the election, with party president Shafie Apdal promising members it would be represented in the federal cabinet if the coalition came to power.[16]
In the 2018 election held on 9 May, Pakatan Harapan managed to win a simple majority of seats in the Dewan Rakyat, dislodging Barisan as the ruling coalition and ending its 60-year long stint in government. Following the coalition's victory, the United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation announced their exit from Barisan and that they would seek to form a state government in Sabah with WARISAN and Pakatan Harapan.[17]
The coalition also formed the government in the states of Kedah, Penang, Perak, Selangor, Malacca, Negeri Sembilan, Johor and Sabah.[note 1] It commanded a two-thirds majority in the states of Penang, Selangor and Johor.
Two days after a court date had been set for a hearing on the issue of the coalition's non-registration lodged against the Registrar, it was announced that Pakatan's registration had been officially approved on 17 May, eight days after its victory in the election.[18]
In a 2020 article published in the ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute journal of Southeast Asian Affairs, academic Ross Tapsell wrote of the coalition's efforts to ensure an independent trial for former prime minister Najib's corruption charges, the establishment of an independent anti-corruption commission, and the repealing of anti-fake news legislation, but also of the lack of action regarding decentralisation in relation to the Borneon states of Sabah and Sarawak, education reform, issues relating to the country's indigenous peoples (Orang Asli), racial inequality and political patronage, commenting that the Pakatan government was distracted by factional infighting.[19]
Fall from power
editMahathir unexpectedly resigned as prime minister on 24 February 2020. His party, controlling 26 members of parliament, withdrew from the coalition in support of his decision, along with 11 members of parliament from the People's Justice Party led by Anwar's deputy, Azmin Ali. The announcement was made amid speculation that Mahathir intended to form a new governing coalition that would've excluded Anwar, fueled in part by questions raised by the latter's supporters over his status as Mahathir's designated successor, which CNN reported as part of the pair's longstanding rivalry.[2][20] Despite this, Anwar believed that Mahathir was not member to any plans to exclude him from power. The political crisis sparked by Mahathir's resignation culminated in the coalition government's collapse as it no longer had a majority in parliament. Eventually, a new rival coalition led by Mahathir's deputy, Muhyiddin Yassin, consisting of BERSATU and PAS named Perikatan Nasional, formed a new government with the support of Barisan.
The coalition lost its control over the states of Johor, Malacca, Perak and Kedah while a number of PKR, DAP and AMANAH representatives in those state assemblies left their parties and expressed support for the incoming state governments led by Perikatan.[21][22][23]
Return to power
editIn the 2022 Malaysian general election, Pakatan won most of its seats in the Dewan Rakyat in the states of Selangor, Johor, Penang, Perak, Melaka, and Negeri Sembilan, while losing to Perikatan Nasional candidates in the states of Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah, and Perlis by large margins. It won the largest number of seats with 82, but fell short of the 112 needed for a simple majority. It formed a grand coalition with Barisan Nasional, two other coalitions, four parties, and independents following the Yang di-Pertuan Agong's counsel that a unity government should be formed as a result of the hung parliament. While an offer was extended to Perikatan, it chose to sit as the official opposition. This arrangement was replicated on the state-level, with Pakatan participating in the government of seven states while providing confidence and supply in Johor.
Of the four states that chose to hold state elections simultaneously, Pakatan won 24 seats in the Perak State Legislative Assembly, 1 in the Perlis State Legislative Assembly, 8 in the Pahang State Legislative Assembly, and 12 seats in the Johor State Legislative Assembly.
International relations
editWhile the Pakatan Harapan coalition is not a member of any political internationals or confederations, some of its component parties are. The Democratic Action Party is a founding member of the Progressive Alliance. The People's Justice Party was listed as an observer member of the Liberal International but has since been de-listed after its leader Anwar Ibrahim publicly denied that the party was member to any political international.
Member parties
edit| Flag | Name | Ideology | Position | Leader(s) | Seats contested |
2022 result | Current seats |
State Legislature seats | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes (%) | Seats | Composition | |||||||||
| Member parties | |||||||||||
 |
PKR | People's Justice Party Parti Keadilan Rakyat |
Reformism Social liberalism |
Centre-left | Anwar Ibrahim | 102 | 15.74% | 31 / 222
|
31 / 81
|
38 / 611
| |
| |
DAP | Democratic Action Party Parti Tindakan Demokratik |
Social democracy Multiculturalism |
Centre-left | Anthony Loke Siew Fook | 55 | 15.61% | 40 / 222
|
40 / 81
|
90 / 611
| |
 |
AMANAH | National Trust Party Parti Amanah Negara |
Progressivism Islamic modernism |
Centre-left | Mohamad Sabu | 54 | 5.70% | 8 / 222
|
8 / 81
|
12 / 611
| |
| UPKO | United Progressive Kinabalu Organisation Pertubuhan Kinabalu Progresif Bersatu |
Sabah regionalism | N/A | Ewon Benedick | 5 | 0.47% | 2 / 222
|
2 / 81
|
1 / 611
| ||
Former member party
edit- Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU), (2017–2020)
List of leaders
editChairmen
edit| No. | Name (Birth–Death) |
Portrait | Term of office | Time in office | Political party | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mahathir Mohamad (b.1925) |
.jpg)
|
14 July 2017 | 24 February 2020 | 2 years, 225 days | BERSATU | |
| 2 | Anwar Ibrahim (b.1947) |
.png)
|
14 May 2020 | Incumbent | 4 years, 170 days | PKR | |
President
edit| No. | Name (Birth–Death) |
Portrait | Term of office | Time in office | Political party | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Wan Azizah Wan Ismail (b.1952) |
|
14 July 2017 | Incumbent | 7 years, 109 days | PKR |
Women Chiefs
edit| No. | Name
(Birth–Death) |
Portrait | Term of office | Time in office | Political party | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Zuraida Kamaruddin (b.1958) |
14 August 2017 | 24 February 2020 | 2 years, 194 days | PKR | |
| 2 | Chong Eng (b. 1957) |
18 March 2021 | 12 September 2021 | 178 days | DAP | |
| 3 | Aiman Athirah Sabu (b.1972) |
12 September 2021 | Incumbent | 3 years, 49 days | AMANAH | |
Youth Chiefs
edit| No. | Name
(Birth–Death) |
Portrait | Term of office | Time in office | Political party | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad (b. 1982) |
|
31 October 2017 | 13 December 2018 | 1 year, 43 days | PKR |
| 2 | Syed Saddiq Syed Abdul Rahman (b. 1992) |
.jpg)
|
13 December 2018 | 24 February 2020 | 1 year, 73 days | BERSATU |
| 3 | Shazni Munir Mohd Ithnin (1987–2021) |
4 March 2021 | 6 August 2021 | 155 days | AMANAH | |
| 4 | Howard Lee Chuan How (b. 1983) |
.jpg)
|
12 September 2021 | 29 July 2022 | 320 days | DAP |
| 5 | Kelvin Yii Lee Wuen (b. 1986) |
.jpg)
|
29 July 2022 | Incumbent | 2 years, 94 days | DAP |
Leadership structure
editCentral Leadership Council
edit- Chairman:
- Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)
- President:
- Wan Azizah Wan Ismail (PKR)
- Deputy President:
- Anthony Loke Siew Fook (DAP)
- Mohamad Sabu (AMANAH)
- Ewon Benedick (UPKO)
- Vice-President:
- Chong Chieng Jen (DAP)
- M. Kulasegaran (DAP)
- Christina Liew (PKR)
- Donald Peter Mojuntin (UPKO)
- Chief Secretary:
- Treasurer:
- Adly Zahari (AMANAH)
- Women Chief:
- Aiman Athirah Sabu (AMANAH)
- Youth Chief:
- Kelvin Yii Lee Wuen (DAP)
- Elections Director:
- Rafizi Ramli (PKR)
- Communications Director:
- Fahmi Fadzil (PKR)
- Strategic Director:
- Vacant
- Information Chief:
- Teo Nie Ching (DAP)
- Chief Whip:
- Anthony Loke Siew Fook (DAP)
- State Chairman:
- Johor: Aminolhuda Hassan (AMANAH)
- Kedah: Mahfuz Omar (AMANAH)
- Kelantan: Muhammad Husin (AMANAH)
- Malacca: Adly Zahari (AMANAH)
- Negeri Sembilan: Aminuddin Harun (PKR)
- Pahang: Fuziah Salleh (PKR)
- Perak: Mujahid Yusof Rawa (AMANAH)
- Perlis: Noor Amin Ahmad (PKR)
- Penang: Chow Kon Yeow (DAP)
- Sabah: Christina Liew (PKR)
- Sarawak: Chong Chieng Jen (DAP)
- Selangor: Amirudin Shari (PKR)
- Terengganu: Raja Kamarul Bahrin (AMANAH)
- Federal Territory: Tan Kok Wai (DAP)
- State Deputy Chairperson:
- Johor:
- Liew Chin Tong (DAP)
- Syed Ibrahim Syed Noh (PKR)
- Kedah:
- Nor Azrina Surip (PKR)
- Ismail Salleh (AMANAH)
- Tan Kok Yew (DAP)
- Kelantan:
- Mohd Suparadi Mohd Nor (PKR)
- Adly Zahari (AMANAH)
- Azaha Abdul Rani (DAP)
- Malacca:
- Tey Kok Kiew (DAP)
- Mohd Rafee Ibrahim (PKR)
- Ashraf Muklis Minghat (AMANAH)
- Negeri Sembilan:
- Anthony Loke Siew Fook (DAP)
- Mk Ibrahim Abdul Rahman (AMANAH)
- Pahang:
- Leong Ngah Ngah (DAP)
- Zulkifli Mohamed (AMANAH)
- Perak:
- Nga Kor Ming (DAP)
- Asmuni Awi (AMANAH)
- Chang Lih Kang (PKR)
- Perlis:
- Wan Kharizal Wan Khazi (AMANAH)
- Teh Seng Chuan (DAP)
- Penang:
- Nurul Izzah Anwar (PKR)
- Roslan Ahmad (AMANAH)
- Sabah:
- Poon Ming Fung (DAP)
- Mustapha Sakmud (PKR)
- Ewon Benedick (UPKO)
- Lahirul Latigul (AMANAH)
- Sarawak:
- Roland Engan (PKR)
- Abang Abd Halil Abang Naili (AMANAH)
- Selangor:
- Gobind Singh Deo (DAP)
- Izham Hashim (AMANAH)
- Terengganu:
- Ahmad Nazri Mohd Yusof (PKR)
- Ng Chai Hing (DAP)
- Hasbie Muda (AMANAH)
- Federal Territory:
- Azman Abidin (PKR)
- Khalid Abd Samad (AMANAH)
- Johor:
Youth Wing (Angkatan Muda Harapan)
edit- Youth Chief:
- Deputy Youth Chiefs:
- Hasbie Muda
- Adam Adli
- Nurthaqaffah Nordin
- Felix Joseph Saang
- Vice-Youth Chiefs:
- Nik Abdul Razak Nik Md Ridzuan
- Young Syefura Othman
- Muhammad Kamil Abdul Munim
- Kennedy John Angian
- Youth Secretary:
- Musaddeq Khalid
- Deputy Youth Secretary:
- Omar Mokhtar A Manap
- Youth Treasurer:
- Deputy Youth Treasurer:
- Nur Najihah Muhaimin
- Youth Communications Director:
- Muhammad Haziq Azfar Ishak
- Youth Public Policies Directors:
- Ong Chun Wei
- Nadia Fathin Syahira Ahmad Nazri
- Ammar Atan
- Youth Mobilization Directors:
- Umar Khair
- Abbas Azmi
- Jason Raj Kirupanantha
- Youth Elections Directors:
- Asmaaliff Abdul Adam
- Prabakaran Parameswaran
- Keristinah Philip Selvaraju
|}
Women's Wing (Wanita Pakatan Harapan)
edit- Women's Chief:
- Deputy Women's Chiefs:
- Vice-Women's Chiefs:
- Women's Secretary:
- Deputy Women's Secretary:
- Norhayati Bidin
- Women's Treasurer:
- Women's Information Chief:
- Soraya Salim
- Women's Communications Director:
- Women's Elections Director:
- Rozita Abdul
- Women's Training Director:
- Sangetha Jayakumar
- Media and IT Bureau Chief:
- Loh Ker Chean
- Public Policies Chief:
- Mobilization Chief:
- Anfaal Saari
Elected representatives
editDewan Negara (Senate)
editSenators
edit- His Majesty's appointee:
- Saifuddin Nasution Ismail (PKR)
- Fuziah Salleh (PKR)
- Saraswathy Kandasami (PKR)
- Roderick Wong Siew Lead (DAP)
- Mohd Hasbie Muda (AMANAH)
- Mohd Hatta Ramli (AMANAH)
- Manolan Mohamad (PKR)
- Abun Sui Anyit (PKR)
- Noorita Sual (DAP)
- Isaiah Jacob (PKR)
- Nelson Wences Angang (UPKO)
- Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly:
- Kesavadas A. Achyuthan Nair (DAP)
- Ahmad Azam Hamzah (PKR)
- Penang State Legislative Assembly:
- Lingeshwaran R. Arunasalam (DAP)
- Amir Md Ghazali (PKR)
- Perak State Legislative Assembly:
- Mujahid Yusof Rawa (AMANAH)
Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)
editMembers of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament
editPakatan Harapan has 81 members in the House of Representatives .
Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)
edit
Pakatan Harapan state governments
edit| State | Leader type | Member | Party | State Constituency | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Negeri Sembilan |
Menteri Besar | Aminuddin Harun | PKR | Sikamat | |
 Penang |
Chief Minister | Chow Kon Yeow | DAP | Padang Kota | |
 Selangor |
Menteri Besar | Amirudin Shari | PKR | Sungai Tua | |
Pakatan Harapan also forms the state governments of Pahang, Perak, Melaka and Johor in coalition with Barisan Nasional, and the state government of Sabah in coalition with Gabungan Rakyat Sabah, following the formation of the federal unity government (Kerajaan Perpaduan) in the aftermath of the 15th general election of November 2022.
| State | Leader type | Member | Party | State Constituency | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Penang |
Deputy Chief Minister I | Mohamad Abdul Hamid | PKR | Batu Maung | |
| Penang |
Deputy Chief Minister II | Jagdeep Singh Deo | DAP | Datok Keramat | |
| State | Leader type | Member | Party | State Constituency | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Malacca |
Deputy Speaker | Kerk Chee Yee | DAP | Ayer Keroh | |
| Negeri Sembilan |
Speaker | Mk Ibrahim Abdul Rahman | AMANAH | Non-MLA | |
 Pahang |
Deputy Speaker | Lee Chin Chen | DAP | Bilut | |
| Penang |
Speaker | Law Choo Kiang | PKR | Non-MLA | |
| Penang |
Deputy Speaker | Azrul Mahathir Aziz | AMANAH | Bayan Lepas | |
 Perak |
Deputy Speaker | Jenny Choy Tsi Jen | DAP | Canning | |
| Selangor |
Speaker | Lau Weng San | DAP | Non-MLA | |
| Selangor |
Deputy Speaker | Mohd Kamri Kamaruddin | PKR | Bukit Antarabangsa | |
Ministerial posts
editGeneral election results
edit| Election | Total seats won | Seats contested | Total votes | Voting Percentage | Outcome of election | Election leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2018 | 122 / 222
|
222 | 5,615,822 | 45.56% |  53 seats; Governing coalition (2018–2020) later Opposition coalition (2020–2022) |
Mahathir Mohamad |
| 2022 | 82 / 222
|
220 | 5,801,327 | 37.46% |  40 seats; Governing coalition with Barisan Nasional, Gabungan Parti Sarawak, Gabungan Rakyat Sabah and Parti Warisan
|
Anwar Ibrahim |
State election results
edit| State election | State Legislative Assembly | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perlis | Kedah | Kelantan | Terengganu | Penang | Perak | Pahang | Selangor | Negeri Sembilan | Malacca | Johor | Sabah | Sarawak | Total won / Total contested | |
| 2/3 majority | 2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
|
| 2016 | 10 / 82 |
|||||||||||||
| 2018 | 3 / 15 |
18 / 36 |
0 / 45 |
0 / 32 |
37 / 40 |
29 / 59 |
9 / 42 |
51 / 56 |
20 / 36 |
15 / 28 |
36 / 56 |
29 / 60 |
241 / 587
| |
| 2020 | 32 / 73
|
|||||||||||||
| 2021 | 5 / 28
|
5 / 28
| ||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2 / 82
|
2 / 62
| ||||||||||||
| 2022 | 12 / 56
|
12 / 50
| ||||||||||||
| 2022 | 1 / 15
|
24 / 59
|
8 / 42
|
33 / 115
| ||||||||||
| 2023 | 3 / 36
|
1 / 45
|
0 / 32
|
27 / 40
|
32 / 56
|
17 / 36
|
80 / 137
| |||||||
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ The state government of Sabah was formed with a confidence and supply agreement with WARISAN and UPKO.
References
edit- ^ Yimie Yong (17 May 2018). "It's official! Pakatan gets its certificate of registration from RoS". The Star. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
- ^ a b Teoh, Shannon (24 February 2020). "Mahathir resigns as Malaysian Prime Minister, PH loses majority after MPs leave". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
- ^ "Pakatan Rakyat Split Will Change Country's Political Landscape". Bernama. Malaysian Digest. 17 June 2015. Archived from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Asrul Hadi Abdullah Sani (18 June 2015). "Break up of Malaysia's opposition bloc Pakatan Rakyat: What happened and what's next?". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 14 December 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
- ^ Harits Asyraf Hasnan (22 September 2015). "New Pakatan Harapan coalition formed". Astro Awani. Archived from the original on 26 October 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
- ^ Shannon Teoh (23 September 2015). "Malaysia's opposition forms Pakatan Harapan alliance". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
- ^ Melissa Goh (12 November 2016). "'The only way to win is to unite and contest under one party': Mahathir". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
- ^ Sheridan Mahavera (16 November 2016). "By courting rural Muslims, has Malaysia's opposition found key to winning power for first time in 60 years?". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
- ^ Hana Naz Harun (13 December 2016). "PPBM officially signs agreement to join Pakatan Harapan". New Straits Times. Archived from the original on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
- ^ "PPBM wants name change before joining Pakatan Harapan". Antara Pos. 14 March 2017. Archived from the original on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
- ^ "Dr Mahathir Mohamad is Pakatan chairman, Dr Wan Azizah made president". The Malay Mail. Today Online. 14 July 2017. Archived from the original on 14 July 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
- ^ Shahar, Fairuz Mohd (28 July 2017). "Pakatan party registration hits roadblock as RoS rejects logo | New Straits Times". NST Online. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
- ^ Yunus, Arfa (20 November 2017). "Harapan's RoS registration held up by DAP, PPBM 'issues': Tun Mahathir | New Straits Times". NST Online. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
- ^ Julia Chan (6 April 2018). "Sabah, Sarawak Pakatan parties won't use common logo". The Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
This was a big decision for us, to be able to exercise our autonomy and decide for ourselves. We chose to use our own respective party flags. So, PKR, DAP and Amanah flags will be used here.
- ^ Rizalman Hamim; Mohd Fahmi Mohd Yusof (6 April 2018). "Pakatan to use PKR logo in GE14". New Straits Times. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
- ^ "Warisan seals electoral pact with DAP and PKR". Malaysiakini. 2 April 2018. Archived from the original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018.(subscription required)
- ^ Tan Su Lin (10 May 2018). "UPKO umum keluar BN, wujud kerajaan campuran dengan Warisan" (in Malay). Astro Awani. Archived from the original on 10 May 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- ^ Abas, Azura (17 May 2018). "PH and PPBM are registered entities | New Straits Times". NST Online. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
- ^ Tapsell, Ross (2020). "Malaysia in 2019". Southeast Asian Affairs. ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute: 191–208. doi:10.1355/aa20-1k. JSTOR 26938891. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
- ^ Regan, Helen (24 February 2020). "Malaysia's Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad resigns". CNN. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
- ^ "Johor's Pakatan Harapan state government falls, new coalition to take over". CNA. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ "Umno leader tipped to be new Melaka Chief Minister". New Straits Times. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ "Kerajaan Pakatan Harapan Perak tumbang (Perak Pakatan Harapan government collapses)". Berita Harian. Retrieved 18 March 2020.