Alonso de Molina (1513[1] or 1514[2][3] – 1579[1] or 1585[2][3]) was a Franciscan priest and grammarian, who wrote a well-known dictionary of the Nahuatl language published in 1571 and still used by scholars working on Nahuatl texts in the tradition of the New Philology.[4][5] He also wrote a bilingual confessional manual for priests who served in Nahuatl-speaking communities.[6]
Biography
editHe was born in Extremadura, Spain in the Province of Cáceres, and he arrived in Mexico, still a child, in 1522, during the Spanish conquest of Mexico.[7] He grew up playing with monolingual Nahuatl-speaking children in the streets as the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, was being refashioned into Mexico City and so he became a fluent speaker of Nahuatl.[8] In 1528, as a young man, he entered the Franciscan convent of Mexico City becoming a friar. He taught at the Colegio de Santa Cruz in Tlatelolco along with Bernardino de Sahagún, Andrés de Olmos, Arnaldo de Basaccio, Juan de Gaona, and Maturino Gilberti[9] Students at the school were also important. Juan Badiano, a student at the school, translated a Nahuatl herbal into Latin.[9] Besides his clerical duties, Molina devoted himself to studying, understanding, and writing Nahuatl. He composed and preached many sermons in the language.
Vocabulary
edit
Molina's Vocabulary in Castilian and Mexican language, which he composed between 1555 and 1571, was the first dictionary printed in the New World and, together with Olmos's work, was the first published systematic approach to an indigenous language. It is still considered an indispensable tool for students of Classical Nahuatl.[10]
According to James Lockhart, "Molina went far beyond utilitarian basics to include a vast range of vocabulary, making many subtle semantic and grammatical distinctions."[11]
Molina's work creating tools for Nahuatl came under scrutiny by the Inquisition along with those of other Franciscans. In 1574, he attempted to reprint his Vocabulary, an indispensable tool for evangelization in Nahuatl, but the Inquisition compelled him to restate sections of his introduction to the work that it considered to be incorrect.[12]
Lockhart's analysis of Nahuatl as an index of cultural change relies on Molina's 1555 Vocabulary, which translates Nahuatl (Mexicana) to Spanish (Castellana), as a key source for loanwords from Spanish into Nahuatl in which he calls Stage 2, the second generation of language contact (ca. 1550 to 1600).[13] Molina records many nouns from Spanish that became integrated into Nahuatl, but his dictionary also records Nahuatl descriptions of Spanish concepts or objects. Lockhart listed some of them, including "bier" = miccatlapechtli "dead-person platform"; "plow" = quaquauhe ielimiquia "means by which an ox cultivates"; "justice, the law (justicia)" = tlamelahuacahihualiztli "doing things straight"; "pirate" = acalco tenamoyani "one who robs people on a boat".[14]
Molina's Confessionario (1569) includes a model testament, with elements that were standard features of Nahuatl wills: an invocation, the name and the residence of the testator, declarations of the testator being of sound mind, the disposition of property to particular heirs or designation of property to be sold for masses, and the closing section with named executors (albaceas) and witnesses (testigos).[15][16][17]
Works
edit- Doctrina christiana breve traduzida en lengua mexicana (1547)[18]
- Aquí comiença un vocabulario en la lengua castellana y mexicana (1555)
- Confessionario mayor, en lengua mexicana y castellana (1565)
- Arte de la lengua mexicana y castellana (1571)
- Vocabulario en lengua castellana y mexicana (1571)
- Confessionario breve, en lengua mexicana (1577)
Notes
edit- ^ a b Guadalupe Hidalgo, Margarita (2006). Mexican indigenous languages at the dawn of the twenty-first century. Walter de Gruyter. p. 39. ISBN 3-11-018597-0..
- ^ a b Hernández de León-Portilla 2007, p. 63.
- ^ a b Stevenson, Robert (1968). Music in Aztec & Inca Territory. University of California Press. p. 106..
- ^ Alonso de Molina, Vocabulario en la lengua castellana y mexicana y mexicana y castellana(1571). Mexico: Editorial Porrúa.
- ^ Lockhart, James (2001). Nahuatl as written: lessons in older written Nahuatl, with copious examples and texts. Stanford University Press. p. 152. ISBN 0-8047-4282-0..
- ^ Alonso de Molina, Confessionario mayor en la lengua castellana y mexicana (1569). With introduction by Roberto Moreno. Mexico: Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 1984.
- ^ Escandón, Patricia (2006). De la Iglesia indiana: Homenaje a Elsa Cecilia Frost. UNAM. p. 17. ISBN 970-32-4171-9..
- ^ Hernández de León-Portilla 2007, p. 74.
- ^ a b Georges Baudot, Utopia and History in Mexico: The First Chronicles of Mexican Civilization, 1520-1569. Translated by Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano and Thelma Ortiz de Montellano. Boulder: University of Colorado Press 1995, p. 114.
- ^ Karttunen, Frances E. (1992). An analytical dictionary of Nahuatl. University of Oklahoma Press. p. xvii (Introduction). ISBN 0-8061-2421-0..
- ^ James Lockhart, The Nahuas After the Conquest. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1992, p. 6
- ^ Georges Baudot, Utopia and History in Mexico: The First Chronicles of Mexican Civilization, 1520-1569. Translated by Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano and Thelma Ortiz de Montellano. Boulder: University of Colorado Press 1995, p. 100 citing Carta del doctor d. Pedro Moya de Contreras al presidente del Consejo de Indias, Mexico, 24 de marzo de 1574, in F. del Paso y Troncoso, Epistolario de Nueva España, Mexico: 1939-43: vol. 11, p. 141.
- ^ James Lockhart, The Nahuas After the Conquest. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1992, pp. 284-88
- ^ Lockhart, Nahuas After the Conquest, p. 266, Table 7.1 "Early Nahuatl Descriptions of Spanish Introductions and Concepts". p. 266.
- ^ Alonso de Molina, Confessionario mayor ff. 61-63v.
- ^ Lockhart, Nahuas After the Conquest, Appendix B "Molina's Model Testament", pp. 468-474.
- ^ Sarah Cline, "Fray Alonso de Molina's Model Testament and Antecedents to Indigenous Wills in Spanish America" in Dead Giveaways: Indigenous Testaments of Colonial Mesoamerica and the Andes, Susan Kellogg and Matthew Restall, eds. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press 1998.
- ^ Hernández de León-Portilla 2007, p. 73.
References
edit- Hernández de León-Portilla, Ascensión (2009). "El arte de la lengua mexicana y castellana de fray Alonso de Molina: morfología y composición" (PDF). Estudios de Historia Novohispana (in Spanish) (39). UNAM: 167–206. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-04-02.
- Hernández de León-Portilla, Ascensión (January–June 2007). "Fray Alonso de Molina y el proyecto indigenista de la orden seráfica" (PDF). Estudios de Historia Novohispana (in Spanish) (36). UNAM: 63–81. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-04-02.
- Máynez, Pilar (2002). "Las doctrinas de Molina y Sahagún: similitudes y diferencias" (PDF). Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl (in Spanish) (33). UNAM: 267–276.
- Máynez, Pilar (1999). "La incidencia de hispanismos en los "confessionarios" mayor y menor de fray Alonso de Molina: un análisis contrastivo" (PDF). Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl (in Spanish) (30). UNAM: 275–284.
- Hernández de León-Portilla, Ascensión (1999). "Un prólogo en náhuatl suscrito por Bernardino de Sahagún y Alonso de Molina" (PDF). Estudios de Historia Novohispana (in Spanish) (29). UNAM: 199–208. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-04-02.