Amanda Blackhorse is a social worker and member of the Navajo people who is known for her work as an activist on the Washington Redskins name controversy. She is the lead plaintiff in Blackhorse v. Pro-Football, Inc.
Amanda Blackhorse | |
|---|---|
| Born | Amanda Leeh Blackhorse February 1, 1982 |
| Nationality | Navajo Nation, American |
| Alma mater | Haskell Indian Nations University (A.A.) University of Kansas (B.S.W.) Washington University in St. Louis (M.S.W.) |
| Occupation(s) | Social Worker Journalist Activist |
| Years active | 2010–present |
| Organization | Arizona to Rally Against Native American Mascots |
| Known for | Opposing the name of the Washington Redskins football team |
Biography
editAs of 2014, Blackhorse is a psychiatric social worker in Phoenix, Arizona. She has also worked at Arizona State Hospital.[1]
While a student at the University of Kansas, she attended a game between the Washington Redskins and the Kansas City Chiefs at Arrowhead Stadium and reported:
At an NFL game in Kansas City, "people yelled, 'Go back to your reservation!' 'We won, you lost, get over it!' 'Go get drunk!' And so many different slurs … I've experienced racism in my lifetime, but to see it outwardly, and nobody did anything?"[2]
Blackhorse v. Pro-Football, Inc.
editBlackhorse is the lead plaintiff in Blackhorse v. Pro-Football, Inc.,[3] which seeks to revoke trademark protection of the term "Washington Redskins".[4] The case was actually begun by Susan Harjo, but Blackhorse is known by its rekindled efforts because her name is alphabetically first out of the new plaintiffs. The USPTO rejected an application to register "Redskins Hog Rinds" because it "consists of or includes matter which may disparage or bring into contempt or disrepute persons, institutions, beliefs, or national symbols".[5] Since 1992, the USPTO has rejected eleven applications for other trademarks that included the word Redskins, based on the same reasons. Some of the applications were made by Pro-Football, Inc., including "Washington Redskins Cheerleaders".[6][7]
On June 18, 2014, the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (TTAB) of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) voted to cancel the six trademarks held by the team in a two to one decision that held that the term "redskins" is disparaging to a "substantial composite of Native Americans", and this is demonstrated "by the near complete drop-off in usage of 'redskins' as a reference to Native Americans beginning in the 1960s."[8][9] In a press release the trademark attorney for the team stated that they were confident that they would once again prevail on appeal, and that today's decision will make no difference in the continued use of the Redskins name.[10]
Plaintiff Amanda Blackhorse said in an interview, "We’ve been through this process for eight years now. We will continue to fight. And, you know, this is not the end for us."[11]
In June 2017 the Supreme Court ruled that the provision of the trademark law barring disparaging names was an unconstitutional infringement on freedom of speech. That case (Matal v. Tam) involved the denial of a trademark for an Asian-American rock band, "The Slants".[12] Both the Native American petitioners and the Justice Department have withdrawn from any further litigation now that the Supreme Court has rendered the legal issue moot.[13] Blackhorse called the decision disheartening after 11 years of litigation. While it may be legal for the team to use the name, she said, that doesn't make it right.[14] The Washington Redskins would later drop their name in 2020, briefly becoming known as the Washington Football Team before adopting the name Washington Commanders in 2022, thus ending the debate.
References
edit- ^ Finnerty, Megan (2014-06-18). "Amanda Blackhorse on besting Washington's NFL team". azcentral, The Arizona Republic. Retrieved 2014-06-19.
- ^ Redden, Molly (2014-06-18). "Meet the Native American Woman Who Took on the Washington Football Team". Mother Jones. Retrieved 2014-06-19.
- ^ "United States Patent and Trademark Office". Retrieved October 16, 2013.
- ^ Erik Brady (May 10, 2013). "New generation of Native Americans challenges Redskins". USA Today. Retrieved October 27, 2014.
- ^ "UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE (USPTO) OFFICE ACTION (OFFICIAL LETTER) ABOUT APPLICANT'S TRADEMARK APPLICATION". December 29, 2013. Retrieved 2014-01-08.
- ^ Theresa Vargas (January 28, 2014). "From pork rinds to cheerleaders, the trademark office rejects the word 'Redskins'". The Washington Post.
- ^ Theresa Vargas (January 6, 2014). "Agency rejects trademark of 'Redskins Hog Rinds,' calling term 'derogatory'". The Washington Post.
- ^ KEN BELSON; EDWARD WYATT (June 18, 2014). "U.S. Patent Office Cancels Redskins Trademark Registration". The New York Times.
- ^ "USPTO TTABVUE. Proceeding Number 92046185". United States Patent and Trademark Office. June 18, 2014. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
- ^ "STATEMENT BY BOB RASKOPF, TRADEMARK ATTORNEY FOR THE WASHINGTON REDSKINS" (PDF). June 18, 2014.
- ^ "Meet the Navajo Activist Who Got the Washington Redskins' Trademark Revoked: Amanda Blackhorse". Democracy Now!. 2014-06-19. Retrieved 2014-06-19.
- ^ "15-1293 Martal V. Tam" (PDF). Retrieved 19 June 2017.
- ^ Ian Shapira; Ann E. Marimow (June 29, 2017). "Washington Redskins win trademark fight over the team's name". The Washington Post. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
- ^ Nathan J. Fish (July 18, 2017). "Advocates to fight Redskins' name, despite court ruling in similar case". The Navajo-Hopi Observer.